to.. ELA Web Portal ELA HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYWorldwide School
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§Acronyms/Dictionaries/Glossaries§
Agriculture | Alchemy | Ancient | §ARCHITECTURE§ | Art & Science
§ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE§ | Associations | Astrology | Astronomy | §ASTRONOMY§ | Aviation | §AVIATION§
Bicycles | Biographies | Biology | §BIOLOGY§ | §BOTONY§ | Brain | §BRAIN§ | Brewing | §BREWING§
Chemistry | §CHEMISTRY§ | Clocks | Coummunications | Cosmology | Chronologies/Timelines
Computer History | §COMPUTER§ | Constants
Darwin
Earth Centered Universe | §ECONOMICS - History§ | Education | Einstein | Electricity | §ELECTRICITY§ | Electromagnetism
§ELECTRONICS§ | §ENERGY§ | Engineering | §ENGINEERING§ | Evolution
FIND | Flight | §FLIGHT§ | Fluids | France
Galileo | Genetics | §GENETICS§ | Geocentrism | §Geologic Time§ | Geology | §GEOLOGY§ | Gravity
Heliocentrism | Hispanic Scientists | §HISTORY§ | §History of Philosophy§ | §History of Photography§
Industrial Revolution | Instruments | §INSTRUMENTS§ | Internet | Islam
Kepler | §LITERATURE§
Magnetism | §MAPS§ | Maritime | §MARITIME & NAVIGATION§ | Masters of Science | Math | §MATHEMATICS§ | Maxwell
Medieval | Medicine | §MEDICINE§ | Metallurgy | §METALS§ | Microscope | Museums | Music | §MUSIC§
Navigation & Maritime | §NAVIGATION & MARITIME§ | NEWS | Neuroscience | §NEUROSCIENCE§ | Nobel Peace Prize | Nuclear Science
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Philosophy of Science | §PHILOSOPHY§ | §PHOTOGRAPHY§ | §PHOTOGRAPHY (History)§
Physics | §PHYSICS§ | Printing | Ptolemaic System | Publications
Quotes | Railroads | Relativity | §RELIGIONS§ | Religious | Renaissance
§SCIENCE§ | Scientific Method | Scientific Revolution | Space | Spectroscopy | Steam Engine | Structural Engineering
§TEACHERS & EDUCATION§ | Technology | Thermodynamics | §TIME§ | Time | Timelines
Units & Constants | §US HISTORY§ | Video | Vision | §VISION§
§WAR§ | Water | §WATER§ | Weather | Web | Women
(Click above to jump to Listings on this page or to an § ALTERNATE ELA DIRECTORY§)

 

 

 

^ SCIHIST


AGRICULTURE
DIRECTORIES-History of Agriculture
dmoz Open Directory | Google | Wikipedia | Yahoo


GardenDigest.com, History of Gardening: A Timeline From Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century

History and Literature of Horticulture by Professor Freeman S. Howlett, Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State U
• Centuries: 12th to 1st B.C.
1st to 15th Century
• Centuries: 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th

Origins of Agriculture as a Natural Experiment in Cultural Evolution

^ SCIHIST
ANCIENT
Ancient Mathematics History & Its Modern Fates
Ancient Science: Horus Publications on the Internet Beginner's Guide
Aristotle et al.: Jacques Maritain Center Readings for Philosophers and Catholics
Aristotle, Works: Virginia Tech Online Books
Euclid's Elements Intro: History of Mathematics by David E. Joyce, Clark U

From Stargazers to StarshipsUse It! by David P. Stern, NASA Site Map
•How distant is the Moon? 1 & 2

HistoryForKids.org Ancient World History & Middle Ages
Internet Classics Archive: Online Science & Literature Classics
Jason's Web Site on Ancient Greek Science agriculture to astronomy, articles & links

Measuring the Moon's Diameter with Help from Eratosthenes
Michael Lahanas, Ancient GreeceUse It!

Plato, Works: Virginia Tech Online Books

Wikipedia.org
Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon)


^ SCIHIST
ART & SCIENCE

The Art of Renaissance ScienceMust See! Astronomical Observatory of Padova

The Art of Renaissance Science: Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development
The Art of Renaissance Science: McMurry University


^ SCIHIST
ASSOCIATIONS
The Agricultural History Society
The British Society for the History of Science
Century of Physics, A 20th century timeline

Chemical Societies Network Chembytes Infozone Search, timelineUse It!

Discovery of the Electron J.J. Thomson 1897 experiments

Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (DHST)
Archives

Galileo and Einstein lecture notes on two revolutions
Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities biographies & images
General Relativity Einstein's developments and collaborations leading to...
History of Physics Group: Institute of Physics
History of Science Society (HSS) & their official publication: ISIS
International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB)
International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS)
The Society for the History of Technology (SHOT)

^ SCIHIST
ASTROLOGY
also see.. §Astrology§, Astronomy

AccessNewAge.com, Looking Deeper Magazine, Astrology Section
History of Astrology another View ( 2, 3 ) by Robert Hand

ProjectHindsight.com

^ SCIHIST
ASTRONOMY & COSMOLOGY
also see.. Astrology, §ASTRONOMY§, Optics, Physics

Amazing Space from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STSI), Links, SiteMap
Capture the Cosmos
    º History of science
Online Explorations
    º From Galileo to HST
For educators and developers

Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy: U Bonn Links

Centuries of Astronomy Astronomy in Denmark Erling Poulsen by Erling Poulsen
Archaeoastronomy in Denmark prehistoric
The history of a velocity

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period: An Annotated Bibliography
• by Gary D. Thompson

Great Debates in Astronomy astronomy and astrophysics at the turn of the millennium
History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on March 1, 1996
History of Astronomy: Items: Space Exploration [Index]
History of Astronomy and Space Science Links
The Telescope historical article
Timeline of the Universe NASA
Working Group for the History of Astronomy

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Anaxagoras
    º Astronomical Science
    º Ideas of Cosmology
    º Babylonian Astronomy
    º Astrology
    º The Early Greek Philosophers in Italy
    º Physical Speculations
    º Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
    º Greek Science of the Alexandrian Or Hellenistic Period
    º Aristarchus of Samos, the Copernicus of Antiquity
    º Eratosthenes, "The Surveyor of the World"
    º Hipparchus, "The Lover of Truth"
    º Strabo the Geographer
    º Two Famous Expositors--Pliny and Ptolemy
    º Ptolemy, the Last Great Astronomer of Antiquity
    º A Retrospective Glance At Classical Science
The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º The New Cosmology--Copernicus to Kepler and Galileo
    º Johann Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion
    º Galileo Galilei
    º Galileo and the New Physics
    º Astrology
    º Newton and the Law of Gravitation
    º Proposition V., Theorem V.
    º Proposition VI., Theorem VI.
    º Proposition VII., Theorem VII.
    º Instruments of Precision in the Age of Newton Instruments of Precision in the Age of Newton
Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
    º Modern Development of the Physical Sciences
    º The Successors of Newton in Astronomy
    º Bradley and the Aberration of Light
    º French Astronomers
    º Leonard Euler
    º The Progress of Modern Astronomy
    º The Nebular Hypothesis of Kant
    º Laplace and the Nebular Hypothesis
    º Asteroids and Satellites
    º The Discovery of Neptune
    º The Rings of Saturn
    º Studies of the Moon
    º Comets and Meteors
    º The Fixed Stars
    º Double Stars
    º The Distance of the Stars
    º Revelations of the Spectroscope
    º The Astronomy of the Invisible
    º The Structure of Nebulae
    º Lockyer's Meteoric Hypothesis
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4


^ SCIHIST
BICYCLES
also see.. §HUMAN POWER & BICYCLES§

DIRECTORIES-Bicycles
Wikipedia


Bicycle Museum of America

e-cobr
Some of the history of Cycling

Jim LangleyUse It! Bicycle Afficionado, Links
Myths & Milestones in Bicycle Evolution by William Hudson

U Warwick, Library
Sources for the History of Cycling


^ SCIHIST
BIOGRAPHIES
also see.. MATHEMATICS

Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th CenturiesA Source! Rice U, The Galileo Project

Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics: U California, Search

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Enter Evolution: Theory and HistoryA Source! U California, Berkeley

Great scientists/mathematicians and my version of the future [very limited]
Great Thinkers and Visionaries
Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence Galileo & Leonardo
Irish Scientific Lives: Irish Research Scientists' Association

Web Links: Famous Scientistsa Hub! PhysicsWeb

NAMES
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): U California, Berkeley
The Bernoullis (1654-1782) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Bohr, Neils Library: American Institute of Physics
Boyle, Robert - Work Diaries from the Perseus Digital Library
Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601): Rice U, The Galileo Project
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543): Rice U, The Galileo Project
D'Alembert , Jean-le-Rond (1717-1783) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802): U California, Berkeley - Enter Evolution
da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519): U California, Berkeley
Descartes, René (1596-1650) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin

EINSTEIN, ALBERT
Einstein, Albert... The Einstein Papers Project: Boston U
Einstein, Albert... Online by S. Morgan Friedman

Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Fourier, Joseph - Politician & Scientist by David Keston
Galilei, Galileo: Rice U, The Galileo Project
Hooke, Robert (1635-1703): U California, Berkeley
Huygens, Christian (1629-1695) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630): Rice U, The Galileo Project
Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728-1777) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Legendre, Adrian Marie (1752-1833) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin

MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK
Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank
Google Image Search: James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) from Answers in Genisis, Biography Index
James Clerk Maxwell from the MacTutor History of Mathematics

James Clerk Maxwell and the Christian PropositionUse It! by Ian Hutchinson, MIT

NEWTON , SIR ISAAC
Newton , Sir Isaac (1642-1727) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Newton , Sir Isaac Newtonia: newton.org.uk

Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854-1912): MacTutor History of Mathematics archive


^ SCIHIST


BIOLOGY
Google Biology Directory
Journey Into the Cell Electron Microscopy & Cell Biology, Rockefeller U
Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century from "Teaching History of Science: Resources & Strategies,"
MendelWeb (Gregor Mendel) history of genetics, data analysis, plant science
The Rockefeller University Journey Into the Cell History of Electron Microscopy & Modern Cell Biology
The New Scientist's on-line Planet Earth

^ SCIHIST
BREWING
also see.. §BREWING§

Eggnog! (ads!) History of eggnog, Links, Recipes, Safety
How Much Did they Drink? alcohol consumption of in pre-industrial Europe.
Medieval/Renaissance Brewing Homepage articles, guilds, recipes, sources

Origins and Ancient History of Wine from U Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology, Links
Egypt, Mesopotamia, Neolithic
Glossary
Laboratory
Map

SCA Brew Historical Brewing Page (Society for Creative Anachronism), Links, References
Articles and Essays
Drunk Monk's Cookbook
Guilds
Library:
    º Beginners, Articles & Essays, Customs & Culture, Equipment
    º Ingredients, Miscellaneous, Period References & Herbals, Techniques


^ SCIHIST
CHEMISTRY & ALCHEMY
also see.. §CHEMISTRY§, Islam, §Religions & Spirituality§, Thermodynamics

The 1827 Christmas Lectures of Michael Faraday: woodrow.org

The Alchemy Website over 38 MB ofinformation
John French - The Art of Distillation

American Chemical Society (ACS) Division of History of Chemistry (Hist)
ASAPWeb - Home Page Australian Science Archives Project
The Robert Boyle Project (1627-91) articles, bibliography, Links
A Brief History of Chemistry Black Magic - Prehistory to Christian Era
A Brief History of History: ThinkQuest.org
A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table:   The Periodic Table - Alternate Designs Links:   Chemistry Dept, Western Oregon U
Chem-Hist Mailing-List send an E-Mail with the text "subscribe chem-hist"
The Chemical Heritage Foundation established by ACS & AIChE

ChemSoc.orgUse It! RSC's chemical science network
Alchemical Symbols
The Development of the Periodic Table
TimeLine

ChemTeam History of Chemistry

Classic ChemistryUse It! with Links, compiled by Carmen Giunta, Le Moyne College Dept Chemistry
Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry

Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
Dmitriy Mendeleev Online
A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature (1787): Classic Chemistry
Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms Jon Eklund, Smithsonian Institute Press
Dr Berger's History of Chemistry Bookmarks
FECS Millennium Project 100 European Chemists - Chemical Revolution to 21st Century
Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms: Classic Chemistry

Google Search
history of Avogadro's number site:*.edu

Historical Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Historical Introduction to Chemistry Alchemy, Greek, Roman, Medieval, Transition, Lavoisier: Virtual U North
Historical online chemistry textbooks by Bill Palmer
The History of Chemistry Subject Index: Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute

History of Chemistry Links: Chemistry Teaching ResourcesUse It! Umeå U

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Links
Digital Archive
Exhibits and Learning
Library and Archives
    º Panopticon Lavoisier virtual museum of the collections of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
Online Resources

An International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry - Hyle Related Links & Collected Bibliography
The Liebig - Museum in Giesse: Justus Liebig U
Nobel e-Museum - Chemistry

Project Gutenberg
• Robert Boyle: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664), The Sceptical Chymist,

A Quick Look at the History of the Periodic Table   PeriodicTable.com

Robert Boyle's Sceptical chymist (1661)Use It! original text photocopies online

Royal Society of Chemistry Historical Group: some Links

Wikipedia (people)
Arrhenius, Svante (1859-1927) one of physical chemistry founders
    º Arrhenius equation temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction
Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)
    º Avogadro constant Avogadro's Number
    º Avogadro's law Equal volumes of ideal (perfect) gases, at the same temperature & pressure, contain the same number of molecules V/n=k
Black, Joseph (1728-1799) discovered carbon dioxide; latent heat, specific heat
Bohr, Niels (1885-1962) foundational contributions to atomic structure & quantum mechanics
Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
    º Boyle's law
    º The Sceptical Chymist
Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810)
Charles, Jacques (1746-1823)
Crookes, William
    º Crookes radiometer
    º Crookes tube
    º Vacuum tube
Dalton, John (1766-1844) pioneering work in the atomic theory, table of relative atomic weights
    º Dalton's law of partial pressures
Davy, Humphry (1778-1829) discoveries of several alkali & alkaline earth metals & elemental nature of chlorine & iodine
Dewar, James (1842-1923) invention of the Dewar flask (Thermos or vacuum flask), liquification of gases
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850)
    º Gay-Lussac's law Law of combining volumes & Pressure-temperature law
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) theoretical foundations for chemical thermodynamics & physical chemistry
    º first to apply the 2nd law to the relation between chemical, electrical, thermal energy & work, invented vector analysis
Hales, Stephen (1677-1761)
Henry, William (chemist) (1775-1836) invented process for magnesia alba
    º Henry's law at constant temperature, the gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
    º Pneumatic trough
Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)
Lewis, Gilbert N. (1875-1946) discovery of the covalent bond, purification of heavy water,
    º Lewis acids and bases
    º Lewis structure (Lewis-dot diagrams)
Janssen, Pierre (1824-1907) joint discovery of Helium
Mendeleev, Dmitri (1834-1907) first periodic table of elements, predicted properties of unknown elements germanium, gallium & scandium
Moseley, Henry (1887-1915) justification from physical laws of the atomic number
    º Moseley's law
Newlands, John Alexander Reina (1837-1898) law of octaves, early Periodic Table
Pauling, Linus (1901-1994)the nature of chemical bonds
    º Orbital hybridisation
Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) discovery of oxygen, invention of soda water, defended phlogiston theory
Rutherford, Daniel (1749-1819) isolation of nitrogen
Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
    º Geiger–Marsden experiment (Rutherford gold foil experiment)
    º Rutherford model of the atom, electrons circling like planets around a high central charge in a very small nucleus
    º Rutherford scattering
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1742-1786) discovered oxygen; identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium & chlorine
Thomson, J. J.
    º Plum pudding model of the atom

Wikipedia
Category:History of chemistry
Category:Periodic table
Portal:Chemistry
Alchemy
Calorimetry
    º Calorimeter
History of chemistry
History of the periodic table
Ideal gas law
Philosophy of chemistry
Phlogiston theory
Pneumatic chemistry
    º Pneumatic trough
Thermochemistry

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Ctesibius and Hero: Magicians of Alexandria
The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º Two Pseudo-Sciences--Alchemy and Astrology
    º Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences
    º The Phlogiston Theory in Chemistry
    º The Beginnings of Modern Chemistry
    º Joseph Black
    º Henry Cavendish
    º Joseph Priestley
    º Karl Wilhelm Scheele
    º Lavoisier and the Foundation of Modern Chemistry
    º Chemistry Since the Time of Dalton
    º Humphry Davy and Electro-Chemistry
    º Organic Chemistry and the Idea of the Molecule
    º Chemical Affinity
    º Periodicity of Atomic Weights
    º New Weapons--Spectroscope and Camera
    º The Chemical Theory of Digestion The Chemical Theory of Digestion
    º The Function of Respiration
    º Animal Chemistry
    º Liebig on Animal Heat


^ SCIHIST
BRAIN & NEUROSCIENCE
Milestones in Neuroscience Research Timeline:   Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. - Neuroscience for Kids

Neuroscience Timeline:   Brains on the Web: Comparative Neuroanatomy and Intelligence
Intelligence & Brain Size, Glossary of Terms, Links


^ SCIHIST
CLOCKS & TIME
Bells, Bellfounders and Towerclocks historical - Netherlands & Germany, Jacob Pompstra (@tripod.et.nl)
Clockworks history, from sundials to the atomic second from Britannica.com @time.gov

ElginWatches.org
History
Technical

History of Frequency Control:   Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics Frequency Control
HOROLOGY - The Index

National Association of Watch & Clock Collectors, Inc. -
Library & Research, Museum, School of Horology, Search

A Walk Through Time history of timekeeping:   General Interest, NIST Physics, US NIST

Wikipedia
Arrow of time
Time in physics


^ SCIHIST
COMMUNICATIONS

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

History of Telegraphy goldmine of information on early telegraphy & answers questions
History of Telegraphy (www.cris.com)
History of Telegraphy (fohnix.metronet.com)
History of Sound Recording and Broadcasting
Hobb's Internet Timeline search 1950's to Present in decades
The Invention of the Radio from QSL.net, ZL3MA's Site
Motorola Historical Timeline
The National Inventors Hall of Fame see The Inventors Page
Smithsonian Institution, Caring for Antique Communication Devices
Technology History from Tectrix Fitness Equipment

^ SCIHIST
COMPUTERS
also see.. §HISTORY§, Internet, Web, §MATHEMATICS§

Alan Turing & the Alan Turing Home Page by Andrew Hodges
on-line biography 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, oration

BYTE Magazine
Calculating Machines

Computer HistorySee It! Smithsonian Institute

Computer History Museum, Search ( Artifacts )
Document Archive: Index, Subject Categories
Exhibits
    º A History of the Internet: 1962-1992
    º Microprocessor Evolution: 1971-1996
Timeline

ComputerHistory.org
Fellow Awards

Computers: History and Development Jones Multimedia Encyclopedia
Excellence in Computing: Ken North - significant contributions to computing

Fourmilab Switzerland from John Walker, founder of Autodesk, Inc. ( Sitemap ) History and Nostalgia
The Analytical Engine The First Computer of Charles Babbage

Historical Computer Society (HCS)

History of ComputingSee It! Virginia Tech

History of Computing-Mark I
The History and Making of Semiconductor Memory Chips
History: Quest for a Universal Machine: York U, Introduction to Computer Technology
History of Silicon valley
The Machine That Changed the World

Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley, history of the Macintosh computer
from Stanford U, Libraries & Information Resources

Mapletech Productions LLC
A General History and Definition of Finite State Machines

John McCarthy Computer Theory & History
Memories are Made of This (Computer Memory Histroy)
The MetaCenter (NSF supported), National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Michelle's Mind, History of Computing
Alan Turing

The National Inventors Hall of Fame see The Inventors Page
NSF SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database
Obsolete Computer Museum
The Online Virtual Computer History Museum
Origin of a Browser: U Buffalo's early history of Netscape
Past Notable Women of Computing & Mathematics from TAP: Ada
Perspectives of the Smithsonian: Smithsonian Computer History some video clips/interviews
Timeline of Microcomputers
TRIUMPH OF THE NERDS from "Machine that changed the World"
Univ of Virginia Comp Science Museum
The Virtual Altair Museum

Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC), Links (Galleries)
Brief History of Algebra and Computing: An Eclectic Oxonian View by Jonathan P. Bowen
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

John von Neumann and von Neumann Architecture for Computers (1945) by Barney J. Cabrera

Wikipedia
Algorithm
Computability
Computer
Computer science
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Finite-state machine
Halting problem
History of computing
History of computing hardware
List of books on the history of computing

List of pioneers in computer science
Mathematical logic
Theory of computation
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline of computing
Timeline of programming languages
Turing machine

The Women of the ENIAC

^ SCIHIST
EDUCATION
US Graduate Programs in History of Science: U Washington Academic HyperLinks
Teaching the History of Science: HSS COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

^ SCIHIST
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM
also see.. §Magnetism§, Maxwell, James Clerk, §Electromagnetism§

Alessandro Volta and the Electric BatteryUse It!, by Bern Dibner; online book
from MIT, Dibner Institute, Burndy Library

Brigham Young U, Ross Spencer, Physics 442, History timeliine
• "A Ridiculously Brief History of Electricity and Magnetism"
• mostly from E. T. Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity...

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Electromagnetic Theory History Links

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler
Overview and Lecture Index:
Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
    º Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
Using History to Teach Science

Google search: maxwell, electromagnetic theory

HyperJeff, SiteMap, Histories chronologies by subject
Sketches of a History of Classical Electromagnetism time line, Links

Georgia State U, Dept Physics & Astronomy, HyperPhysics
Maxwell's Equations

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It!
Electrical Measurements
Electricity
Electric Motors

Magnet Lab: Electricity & Magnetism Links, Pioneers, Timeline
Georg Ohm

Makezine.com
What a capacitor is and how to make one Video

Marco Learning Systems
Applying the history of electricity in the classroom: a reconstruction of the concept of ‘Potential’ by Dr John Roche

Medieval Technology Pages, Subject Index: from Paul J. Gans, New York U
Magnets

Molecular Expressions: Pioneers in the Optical SciencesUse It!
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

U Rochester, Dept. Elect & Computer Eng, Thomas B. Jones
Electrostatics Demonstrations
    º Electrophorus and Accessories

Wikipedia
Ampère, André-Marie
Galvanometer
Electrostatic generator, Electrostatic induction, Triboelectric effect
History of electromagnetism
Leyden jar
Ørsted, Hans Christian
Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase, Peltier effect, Thermoelectric effect
Stephen Gray (scientist) discovered that the “electric virtue” would carry over distance
von Guericke, Otto
Wimshurst machine

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Anaxagoras As Meteorologist
The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º William Gilbert and the Study of Magnetism
    º Mariotte and Von Guericke
    º Progress in Electricity from Gilbert and Von Guericke to Franklin
    º The Experiments of Stephen Gray
    º Experiments of Cisternay Dufay
    º Dufay Discovers Vitreous and Resinous Electricity
    º Ludolff's Experiment with the Electric Spark
    º The Leyden Jar Discovered
    º William Watson
    º Benjamin Franklin
    º Franklin's Theory of Electricity
    º Franklin Invents the Lightning-Rod
    º Franklin Proves That Lightning Is Electricity
Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
    º The Modern Development of Electricity and Magnetism
    º Davy and Electric Light
    º Electricity and Magnetism
    º Faraday and Electro-Magnetic Induction
    º Storage Batteries
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Humphry Davy and Electro-Chemistry


^ SCIHIST
ENGINEERING
also see.. Technology, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering

ExplorePAhistory.com/ Pennsylvania history Making Steel

Library of Congress
Engineering in History bibliography

Thomas J. MisaUse It! History of Technology, LinksUse It! U Minnesota
• Bibliographies
    º Automobile Engineering
    º History Of Engineering
• Book Reviews
    º Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago by Carol Willis
    º The Papers of Thomas A. Edison volume I: The Making of an Inventor, February 1847-June 1873 Reese V. Jenkins, et al., eds.,
Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present
A Nation of Steel
Urban Machinery: Inside Modern European Cities

BridgePros Engineering, History & Construction of Bridges
Google.com Engineering & Technology Directory @ Society: History

Great Achievements in Mechanical Engineering
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME International)

History of Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology

Henry Darcy and His Law from Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State U
Biographical
Darcy Memorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics
Exposition Henry Darcy
Groundwater and Darcy's Law
History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Pipe flow and the Pitot Tube

History of Fluid Mechanics, Mathematics, and Science : Virginia Tech
NSF SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database
Wikipedia (Engineers, Mathemeticians)
Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796-1832)
Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (1789-1857)
Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile (1799-1864)
Clausius, Rudolf born Rudolf Gottlieb (1822-1888)

Wikipedia
Category:History of engineering
Category:History of technology
Category:Technology timelines
Caloric theory
Galileo thermometer
History of Conservation of energy
History of materials science
History of perpetual motion machines
History of thermodynamics
Phlogiston
Timeline of electromagnetism
Timeline of heat engine technology
Timeline of thermodynamics
Timeline of time measurement technology
Timeline of steam power
Women in engineering


^ SCIHIST
EVOLUTION
also see.. §BIOLOGY-Evolution§

Darwin, Charles Origin of the Species: Virginia Tech Online Books
Darwin-related Images
Donald Forsdyke's Commentaries on the History of Selected Evolutionary Concepts
Lefalophodon: An Informal History of Evolutionary Biology 1800 - 1950 by John Alroy

Origin of SpeciesUse It! by Charles Darwin: Book Downloads
    º British Library, Writings of Charles Darwin: HTML Editions - 1st (1859), 6th (1872)
    º Project Gutenberg: Plain text Editions - 1st (1859), 6th (1872)
    º U New South Wales, Embryology Download: ( PDF)

UC Berkeley Museum of PaleontologyUse It!
Evolution Wing Theory and History, Timeline of Evolutionary Thought with Bios

Wikipedia: EvolutionUse It!
Creationism
Natural Selection
• Masters
    º Darwin, Charles
    º Fisher, R.A.'s Modern Synthesis
    º Kimura, Motoo's Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution & Genetic Drift
    º Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
    º Wallace, Alfred Russel
    º Crick, Francis & Watson, James's discovery of the structure of DNA
Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
Prehistoric Science [and Ancient Science], Vol. 1
    º The Beginnings of Greek Science
    º Empedocles
The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Theories of Organic Evolution
    º Erasmus Darwin
    º Lamarck Versus Cuvier
    º Tentative Advances
    º Darwin and the Origin of Species
    º New Champions
    º The Origin of the Fittest


^ SCIHIST
FIND IT HERE
DIRECTORIES-History of Science
dmoz Open Directory | ECHO (Virt Lib) | Google | Wikipedia | Yahoo

300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Mathematics, Science Writings and Natural History

Alexander Chislenko: Home (public page)
Great Thinkers and Visionaries, Links

Beginner's Guide to Research in History of Science: Horus Publications, Ronald C. Tobey, U California
Centre for History of Science and Technology: U Libre de Bruxelles

Dibner Institute for the History if Science and Technology at MIT

Dictionary of the History of IdeasUse It! Contents, Search
• from the Electronic Text Center, U Virginia Library
Math & Logic formal mathematical, logical, linguistic & methodological ideas
Nature physical & biological sciences, ideas, imaginative literature, myths, metaphysical

Directory of Historians of Physics Stephen G. Brush and Martha E. Keyes, U Maryland
Earth/Matrix Science in Ancient Artwork articles: Charles W Johnson

ECHO Science and Technology Virtual CenterUse It! from George Mason U

Encyclopaedia Britannica biography list
Eureka Science & Technology Database: Demonstration Access
Galilean-library.org: History and Philosophy of Science

Google.com
Science @ Society: History
Engineering & Technology @ Society: History

George Peter Jelliss
• ( temp ): History of Ideas

Group of History and Theory of Science: State U Campinas Brazil Index, Publications, Database
The History of Mathematics on the World Wide Web David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine: IMSS & Polytechnic U
History of science: U Bonn Links
History of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources by Doug Stewart, extensive
History of Science, Technology and Medicine Biographical Dictionary: WWW Virtual Library
Horus Guide to the History of Science Randomn Quotations and text search
Internet Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham U, Internet History Sourcebooks Project
Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution

Dr. James F. Woodward, Cal State Fullerton
Gravitation Overview
    º The Origin of Inertia
Killing time
Mach's Principle
(PDF) Propellantless propulsion, Joint propulsion conference 2001 abstract

Linda Hall Library: History of Science online Rare book library from Cultural Heritage Language Technologies

Net Advance of PhysicsUse It! review articles and tutorials in an encyclopædic format
Annotated Physics Encyclopedia
History of Physics

The New Scientist's on-line Planet Earth
Nobel e-Museum - Chemistry, Medicine, Physics
OnLine Books: Virginia Tech
PSIgate Physical Science Information Gateway
Reading the History of Western Science A List of Good Places To Start, by A. Bowdoin Van Riper
The Science Engineering & Math Program Links: U Delaware
Science History Sites: American Institute of Physics
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
Science Technology & Society: Dublin City University
Science Textbooks and Historical Science Online by Bill Palmer
SJSU Virtual Museum: San Jose State U History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology
SolarNavigator.net renewable energy technology, boat design & marine history

TodayInSci.com (ads) Today in Science History, find short bios & descriptions by date of birth, death or event

U Denver, Dr James B. Calvert, Links & Misc
Astronomy and Observation
Engineering and Technology
    º Railways: History, Signaling, Engineering
    º the Telegraph
    º Truss Bridge Design history and principles of rational truss bridge design
Geology and Scenery
Meteorology and Weather
Oil, Economics and Statistics
Optics and Visual Perception
Physics, Mathematical Physics and Mathematics
Waves, Acoustics and Vibration

Wikipedia
Category:Ancient Greek science
Category:Historical scientific instruments
Category:History of Islamic science
Category:History of science
Category:History of science by discipline
Category:Science experiments
Category:History of scientific method
Category:History of technology
Category:Obsolete scientific theories
Category:Religion and science
Category:Roman science
Category:Science in the Middle Ages
Category:Science timelines
Category:Scientific instrument makers
Category:Scientific revolution
History of biology
History of chemistry
History of electrochemistry
History of electromagnetism
History of energy
History of genetics
History of geophysics
History of science, Portal:History of science
History of science in Classical Antiquity
History of science in the Renaissance
History of science and technology
History of scientific method, Timeline of the history of scientific method
List of experiments
Lists of scientists
Natural philosophy
Physics (Aristotle)
Pre-Socratic philosophy
Science in the Age of Enlightenment
Science in Medieval Western Europe
Science in the Middle Ages
Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Scientific revolution
Superseded scientific theories
Women in science

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4

WWW Virtual Library, History of Science Technology and Medicine Australia


^ SCIHIST
FLIGHT / AVIATION
also see.. §Flight Museums§

A.J. Jackson Collection private aviation & photo archive, UK

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Evolution of Flight
Click & Learn
Gallery
History of Flight active Timeline, Links

Aviation History Encyberpedia
Aviation History of Australia
Aviation: Pioneers/History WWW Library
Boeing History
Cyber Flight Deck Work in Progress...
FirstFlight Wright Brothers & Aerofoil History, UK
Helicopter's History Site
History of Aviation Links Canadian Coast Marketing
Igor I. Sikorsky Historical Archives Inc. Foundation, aviation careers of Igor Sikorsky
Luft '46 WWII German aircraft design
National Aviation Hall of Fame
Randy Wilson's Aviation History Page
Russian Aviation Museum

U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
The Development of Naval Aviation

WWW.AVIATION.RU Russian aviation, first flights to modern

^ SCIHIST
FLUIDS

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Evangelista Torricelli

Wikipediai
Boyle, Robert 1627-1691
Hooke, Robert 1635-1703
Pascal, Blaise 1623-1662
Torricelli, Evangelista 1608-1647
Vacuum: Historical interpretation
Vacuum pump


^ SCIHIST
GENETICS
The Genetic Code Biochemistry 3107
Gregor Mendel's Legacy: LTU Biochem Home Page, La Trobe U
MendelWeb classical genetics, data analysis, plant science, science- history / literature

^ SCIHIST
FRANCE

Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (French) digital early texts

^ SCIHIST
GALILEI, GALILEO (1564-1642)

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems full online text
Galilean-library.org: History and Philosophy of Science

Galileo from McMurry U
The Art of Renaissance Science

Galileo Galilei, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits, American Institute of Physics

The Galileo Project from Rice U: Science
Galileo's Theory of the Tides
On Motion
Pendulum Clock
Ptolemaic System & Copernican System
Satellites of Jupiter
The Telescope

Galileo's Inclined Plane Experiment from students of Rice U

Galileo Galilei's Notes on Motion

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Multimedia Catalogue: Biographies
Galileo Galilei

Online Lilbrary of Liberty
Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, Galileo Galilei (1638)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Galileo Galilei

Wikipedia: Galileo Galilei
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Ptolemaeen vs. heliocentric
Letter to Grand Duchess Christina
Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger)
Two New Sciences, 1638 final book & testament covering his 30 yrs of work in physics


^ SCIHIST
GEOLOGY
also see.. §GEOLOGY§

Evolutionary and Geological Timelines

GeoClio history of geology & the geosciences, About, Forums
books

Henry Darcy and His Law from Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State U
Biographical
Darcy Memorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics
Exposition Henry Darcy
Groundwater and Darcy's Law
History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Pipe flow and the Pitot Tube

Historical Earthquake Theories Erhard Oeser: Universität Wien

Wikipedia: Timeline of geology


^ SCIHIST
HELIOCENTRISM
also see.. Ptolemaic System

Wikipedia
Aristarchus of Samos, Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances
Copernicus, Nicolaus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
Galilei, Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Kepler, Johannes, Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, Keplerian Telescope
Scientific revolution
Solar system model
Tycho Brahe


^ SCIHIST
HISPANIC SCIENTISTS

Wikipedia.org
Luis Walter Alvarez
Walter Alvarez
Baruj Benacerraf
Carlos Finlay
Bernardo Houssay
Luis Federico Leloir
César Milstein
Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol
Severo Ochoa
Ellen Ochoa
Santiago Ramón y CajalUse It!
Michael Servetus


^ SCIHIST
GRAVITY

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler
Overview and Lecture Index
Galileo's Acceleration
Naturally Accelerated Motion
Describing Motion
Using History to Teach Science

U Tennessee, Knoxville , Physics & Astronomy: Astronomy 161
The Solar System
    º Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation


^ SCIHIST
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution: Internet Modern History Sourcebook
The Industrial Revolution: American: IRWeb
Industrial Revolution - A Trip To The Past: detailed
Lectures on The Industrial Revolution in England Arnold Toynbee
Richard Guest: The Steam Loom: Modern History Sourcebook
Samuel Slater and the American industrial Revolution
Steam Engine Library
William Radcliffe Power Looms: Modern History Sourcebook

^ SCIHIST
INSTRUMENTS
including.. Astolabes, Microscope
ars machina.com Links, Sales) compasses & sundials, fine art, globes & maps, microscopes, telescopes

Cathode Ray Tube siteUse It! old electronic glassware history and Physical Instruments

Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
Articles, Glossary
Catalogue of instruments

The Gemmary Instruments Forum & rare books
History of Scientific Instruments Wolfgang R. Dick

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It!

Introduction to Optical Microscopy and PhotomicrographyUse It! Museum,   Molecular Expression: Florida State U

Kenyon College Physics Dept, Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It! by Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr. Professor Emeritus: Electricity
Tangent Galvanometer

Scientific Instrument Commission Bibliography
Scientific and Medical Antiques by Thomas E. Jones

University of Toronto Museum of Scientific Instruments
Wikipedia
Category:History of science
Category:Measuring instruments
Chorobates level in classical antiquity
Clock
Compass, Compass rose
• Quadrants: Cross bow, Cole's
Dioptra classical astronomical & surveying instrument
Galileo thermometer
Groma surveying Roman instrument
History of longitude
History of navigation
History of timekeeping devices
Sextant (astronomical)
Mass spectrometry
Marine chronometer
Mirror galvanometer
Sounding line
Spectrometer


^ SCIHIST or INSTRUMENTS
Astrolabes

U Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy
Astrolabe History

Astrolabes Made by Norman Greene

^ SCIHIST or INSTRUMENTS



HISTORY OF MICROSCOPES
also see... §Microscopy§
^ SCIHIST
ISLAM
also see.. Alchemy, §Religions & Spirituality§

History of Science and Technology in Islam by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, Links
Articles

MuslimHeritage.com
Science
TimeLine

Saudiaramcoworld.com: Rediscovering Arabic Science

Wikipedia
Astronomy in medieval Islam
Physics in medieval Islam
Science in medieval Islam


^ SCIHIST
MASTERS OF SCIENCEalso see..
§MATHEMATICS§, §Geometry§, Physics

CHROLONOLOGICAL LIST of Sections Below
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
Boyle, Robert (1627-1692)
Hooke, Robert (1635-1703)
Newton, Isaac (1643-1727)
Black, Joseph (1728-1799)
Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
Priestley, Joseph (1627-1692)
Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814) Count Rumford
Thomson, Joseph John (1856-1940) Hawking, Stephen (1942-)


American Institute of Physics, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits
Caltech Archives: PhotoNet photographs (for personal, noncommercial use) with Search

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Multimedia Catalogue: Biographies

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Wikipedia
History of physics (category)
History of Science
History of scientific method


ARCHIMEDES (287-212 BC)

Archimedes Home Page by Chris Rorres, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, Drexel U

PBS.org, Nova
Archimedes


ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, U Tennessee, Martin
Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Motion and its Place in Nature

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
On the Heavens, Translated by J. L. Stocks
Physics, Translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye

PhysicsWeb.org
Was Aristotle the first physicist? by Michael Rowan Robinson

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aristotle

Wikipedia: Aristotle
On the Heavens
Physics (Aristotle)


BACON, FRANCIS (1561-1626)

Constitution Society
The New Organon (online) or True Directions Concerning the Interpretation of Nature

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Project Gutenberg online publications: Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626

Sir Francis Bacon's New Advancement of Learning
Library

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Francis Bacon

Wikipedia: Francis Bacon (philosopher)
Novum Organum new system of logic superior to Aristotelian syllogism


BLACK, JOSEPH (1728-1799)
Wikipedia: Joseph Black (1728-1799)


BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1692)
Robert Boyle Project
Learn about Boyle
Papers Online

Wikipedia: Robert Boyle

BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)
Wikipediai: Tycho Brahe

CARNOT, SADI (1796-1832)

Wikipedia: Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Carnot heat engine


COPERNICUS, NICOLAUS (1473-1543)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nicolaus Copernicus

Wikipedia: Nicolaus Copernicus

DARWIN, CHARLES (1809-1882)
also see.. §Evolution§

Wikipedia: Charles Darwin

Wikipedia: Evolution
Creationism
Natural Selection
• Masters
    º Darwin, Charles
    º Fisher, R.A.'s Modern Synthesis
    º Kimura, Motoo's Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution & Genetic Drift
    º Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
    º Wallace, Alfred Russel
    º Crick, Francis & Watson, James's discovery of the structure of DNA
Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory


DESCARTES, RENÉ (1596-1650)

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
Descartes, René, 1596-1650

Project Gutenberg online publications: Descartes, René, 1596-1650

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Rene Descartes

Wikipedia: René Descartes
Treatise on the World


EDISON, THOMAS ALVA (1847-1931)

The Thomas Edison Papers, Rutgers U
Wikipedia: Thomas Edison

EINSTEIN, ALBERT (1879-1955)
Einstein, Albert photographs for personal, noncommercial use, Caltech Archives: PhotoNet
Einstein, Albert, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Einstein - Image and Impact, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits, American Institute of Physics
Einstein in Princeton Scientist, Humanitarian, Cultural Icon, Historical Society of Princeton
Einstein Revealed (from PBS.org, Nova), Links
NobelPrize.org/: Albert Einstein Biography
Wikipedia: Albert Einstein

HAWKING, STEPHEN (1942-)
Answers.com: Stephen William Hawking
Hawking, Stephen's home page
A Brief History of Mine Biography

The Hawking of Stephen Hawking: Celebrity, Cosmology, Disability by Jonathan Smith, U Michigan
U Totonto, UPSCALE Undergraduate Physics Students' Computing and Learning Environment
The Science of Hawking

Wikipedia: Stephen Hawking

HOOKE, ROBERT (1635-1703)

RobertHooke.org.uk

KEPLER, JOHANNES (1571–1630)

Skyscript Astrology Pages: Deborah Houlding's
Johannes Kepler and the Music of the Spheres by David Plant

Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler
Laws of Planetary Motion

MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Archive.org
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volumes 1, 2 Download files

Carnegie Mellon, Posner Library Memorial Collection
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism by James Clerk Maxwell, Volumes 1, 2 read single pages online

Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles (Cut-the-Knot.org)
Maxwell's Theorem: What Is It? A Mathematical Droodle

Wikipedia: James Clerk Maxwell
Maxwell's demon


NEWTON, ISAAC (1643-1727)
BBC: Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences: Isaac Newton's Life
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (online) by Sir Isaac Newton
• translated by Andrew Motte, First American Edition, New York, 1846
Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Isaac Newton

Wikipedia: Isaac Newton
Law of Universal Gravitation
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Wolfram.com/, Science World
Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)




PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1627-1692)
A Brief Biography of Joseph Priestley, Unitiarian Universalist Congregation of the Susquehanna Valley (UUCSV)
Wikipedia: Joseph Priestley

Benjamin Thompson - Count Rumford (1753-1814)

Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) from Glen E. Rodgers, Allegheny College Dept Chemistry

Google Search
Rumford Fireplace site:*.edu

Wikipedia: Benjamin Thompson
Rumford fireplace


THOMSON, JOSEPH JOHN (1856-1940)

American Institute of Physics, Center for History of Physics
Discovery of the Electron Experiments by J.J. Thomson in 1897
Cathode Ray Tube site electronic glassware history and Physical Instruments
Nobel-winners.com: Physics
Sir Joseph John Thomson bio
Wikipedia: J. J. Thomson

^ SCIHIST
MATHEMATICS History
including.. Binomial Theorem
also see.. §MATHEMATICS§, §Geometry§

300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Mathematics, Science Writings and Natural History

The Abacus The Art of Calculating with Beads - articles, math operations, plus..
FAQ
Introduction - construction & anatomy, basics, abavcus today
History
Interactive Applet

Archimedes' quadrature of the parabola, Thomas L. Heath, from Bill Casselman, U British Columbia
The Art of Algebra from Al-Khwarizmi to Viète: A Study in the Natural Selection of Ideas, U Virginia
Artículos various historical topics: U Uruguay
Biographies of Women Mathematicians Agnes Scott College
Center for Technology and Teacher Education
Mathematics and the History of Mathematics Websites

ChronoMath (in French) by timeline and by subject/mathematician

Convergence!Use It! ( Home ) where math, history and teaching interact, resource & Forum, About, Search
• from the Mathematical Association of America (MAA)

David Banach, Dept Philosophy, St. Anselm College
Philosophy of Science Links
    º Ancient Science and Mathematics
    º Bell's Theorem and EPR
    º The Golden Section
    º Infinity and Continuity
The Golden Age And The Golden Mean Article

Dictionary of the History of IdeasUse It! Contents, Search
• from the Electronic Text Center, U Virginia Library
Math & Logic formal mathematical, logical, linguistic & methodological ideas

Duncan J. Melville, St. Lawrence U
Mesopotamian Mathematics
    º Old Babylonian 'Quadratic' Problems
    º Reciprocals and Reciprocal Algorithms in Mesopotamian Mathematics

Euclid's ElementsUse It! an Introduction (& full text) by David E. Joyce, Clark U
The Geometry Applet - using the Applet
Links
Quick Trip through the Elements
Subject Index, Table of Contents

Euclid's Elements translation by Thomas L. Heath and
Euclid's Elements (Greek), J. L. Heiberg
both of the above from the Perseus Digital LibraryUse It!

Euclid's Elements of Geometry - Oliver Byrne's edition & Links, from Bill Casselman, U British Columbia

Euclid's Elements from U British Columbia SunSite, DIGITAL MATH ARCHIVE
Oliver Byrne's edition of Euclid page by page scanned images
Erhard Ratdolt - first publisher of Euclid


Favourite Mathematical Constants: Mathsoft.com

GAP - Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a System for Computational Discrete Algebra
History Topics IndexUse It!

Gardner, Milo at BlogSpot.com
Achmim Wooden Tablets, ( Table at mathorigins.com)
Egyptian-math-history
Egyptian Fractions, Hultsch-Bruins Method
History of Egyptian Fractions
Kahun Papyrus at Wikipedia.org
Liber Abaci and its Egyptian fraction methods
Milo Gardner at Wikipedia.org
The Reisner Papyrus
Remainder Arithmetic at Planet Math
Remainder Arithmetic vs. Egyptian Fractions at Planet Math
Vulgar fractions and the 2/nth table

Geometry Then and Now short look at Ancient Greek Math, Perseus Digital Library
Great scientists/mathematicians and my version of the future [very limited]
Greek Mathematicians: Portland State U

Hans Fischer Major Papers on History of Mathematics (pdf's)
The Central Limit Theorem from Laplace to Cauchy: Changes in Stochastic Objectives and in Analytical Methods
The Central Limit Theorem in the Twenties
Laplace's Approximation of the Gamma Function, a Direct Approach

History of Game Theory by Paul Walker:   William King Server, Drexel U
History of Mathematics
History of Mathematics Lectures on the History of Mathematics, Texas A&M
History of Mathematics:   Math-Net Links

History of Mathematics, by Subject
Euclid's Elements Introduction, Links
    º The Geometry Applet - using the Applet
    º Quick Trip through the Elements
    º Subject Index, Table of Contents
History of Algebra Links

Historia Mathematica: journal of the International Commission on the History of Mathematics
The History of Mathematics: Trinity College, Ireland
History of Mathematics, by Mathematician, by Subject David E. Joyce: Clark U
History of Mathematics in India
The History of Mathematics on the World Wide Web Links: David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
HyperComplex numbers Timeline

Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and PuzzlesUse It! Glossary - Links (Alexander Bogomolny

The Introduction of Analysis into England Trinity College, Ireland

Jeff Miller's
Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics

MacTutor History of MathematicsUse It! O'Connor & Robertson, U St Andrews, Scotland
Biographies & Chronologies, Historical Periods & Math Topics ( Topics: Alphabetical )
Euclid's definitions
The development of group theory
Famous Curves Index
Algebra Index
    º Abstract linear spaces
    º The abstract group concept
    º The development of group theory
    º The development of Ring Theory
    º The fundamental theorem of algebra
    º Quadratic, cubic and quartic equations
    º Matrices and determinants
    º Tartaglia versus Cardan
An overview of the history of mathematics
Mathematics and art - perspective
Mathematicians and Music by R C Archibald, Brown U
Non-Euclidean geometry
Search, Google Search

Math Archives History of Mathematics Links, U Tennessee
Mathematical Museum: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin
The Mathematical Quotations Server Furman U
Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Trinity College, Dublin
Mathematicians of the African Diaspora African American mathematicians: U Buffalo
Mathematics Ancient Mathematics History & Its Modern Fates: Vatican Exhibit, ibiblio.org
Mathematics Genealogy Project degrees, dissertation & advisor(s) FAQ, Links, Search
• from North Dakota State U, Dept Mathematics
Math pages articles

MathPages.com
History of mathematics & science

Michael Lahanas, Ancient GreeceUse It! Science, Technology, Arts
Ancient Greece Mathematics Timeline
Apollonius Conics and Circles and the Delian Problem
The Golden Section and the Golden Rectangle
The Menelaus Theorem
Plato's Cave - The Enlightenment Process: Enter the Matrix

National Museum of American History
Slates, Sliderules and Software, Teaching Math in America

PASS maths magazine
The sci.math FAQ Canada

Tod Hammond's Mathematics & the Liberal ArtsUse It!, Truman State U, Math & Computer Science Div
Algebra
Algorithms
Arithmetic, Mental Arithmetic
Discrete Mathematics
Gambling, Games, Games of Chance
Geometry
Logic, Number Concept, Philosophy
Mysticism, Gematria, Magic Squares, Numerology
Number Systems, Imaginary and Complex, Irrationals, Real
Number Theory
Probability, Statistics

University of Modena e Reggio Emilia - MUSEO (Italian)
Mathematical Laboratory (English) - Mathematical Machines

Vatican Exhibit from ibiblio.org
Mathematics Ancient Science and Its Modern Fates
Greek Mathematics ( cont.)
Ptolemy's Geography
Greek Astronomy

Vatican Exhibit Main Hall
from.. Information Technologies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
Mathematics Ancient Science and Its Modern Fates:
Greek Mathematicsand its Modern Heirs ( cont.)
Ptolemy's Geography
Greek Astronomy

WikipediaUse It! Category: History of Mathematics
History of mathematics
History of trigonometric functions
• Subcategory: Mathematics timelines ( Timeline of mathematics, Timeline of algorithms )

Women Mathematicians Agnes Scott College Mathematics Department
Yahoo Search: Science: Mathematics: History
Yahoo Search: Science: Mathematics: History: Mathematicians

MATH
Binomial Theorem (History of the)

History of the Binomial Theorem by Mark Comer, U Bath

^ SCIHIST
MEDIEVAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Medieval Science Page Portal
Medieval Technology PagesUse It! by Paul J. Gans, Dept Chemistry, NYU, Subject Index, TimeLine
Medieval Technology Pages, Subject Index from Paul J. Gans, New York U

^ SCIHIST
MEDICINE
Ancient Medicine/Medicina Antiqua, Links by The Episcopal Academy
Historical Images Search: The National Library Of Medicine, NIH, Maryland
History of Biomedicine Library
History of Medicine
Insects & Human Society altered governments, changed major battles, shaped history

Introduction to VirologyUse It! Course BS109: Introduction to Microbiology,   U Leicester

Historians of Pharmacy Email Directory
Images from the History of Medicine: U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
Lycos search: folk medicine medieval
Lycos search: history of medicine

Medicine and Biology Ancient Theories, Modern Bodies: Vatican Exhibit Main Hall:
from... Information Technologies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)

Medicine through Time: BBC learning
Nobel e-Museum - Medicine
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
History of Medicine University of Iowa and the NLM
Thackray Museum medical history museum

U Florida, Medical Information Server
History of Medicine

U Leicester, Microbiology & Immunology
Online Tutorials

Wikipedia
Category:History of medicine
Category:Medicine timelines
Bloodletting
Germ theory of disease
History of anatomy
History of aspirin
History of emerging infectious diseases
History of medical diagnosis
History of medicine
History of neurology
History of pathology
History of penicillin
History of surgery
History of wound care
Medical Renaissance
Patent medicine
Placebo in history
Prehistoric medicine
Timeline of antibiotics
Timeline of medicine and medical technology
Vital heat
Women in medicine

WorldOrtho.com, History of Orthopaedics by Vlasios Brakoulias

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Hippocrates and Greek Medicine
    º Galen--The Last Great Alexandrian
The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º Arabian Medicine
    º Arabian Hospitals
    º Thirteenth-Century Medicine
    º Fifteenth-Century Medicine
    º From Paracelsus to Harvey
    º The Great Anatomists
    º The Coming of Harvey
    º Leeuwenhoek Discovers Bacteria
    º Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
    º Thomas Sydenham
Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Anatomy and Physiology in the Nineteenth Century
    º Bichat and the Bodily Tissues
    º Lister and the Perfected Microscope
    º Blood Corpuscles, Muscles, and Glands
    º Eighteenth-Century Medicine
    º Animists, Vitalists, and Organicists
    º The System of Hahnemann
    º Jenner and Vaccination
    º Nineteenth-Century Medicine
    º Parasitic Diseases
    º Painless Surgery
    º Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease
    º Experiments with Grape Sugar
    º Foreign Organisms and the Wort of Beer
    º Lister and Antiseptic Surgery
    º Preventive Inoculation
    º Serum-Therapy
    º Functions of the Nerves
    º The Brain As the Organ of Mind
    º The Minute Structure of the Brain

WWW Virtual Library: History of Science, Technology & Medicine

^ SCIHIST
METALLURGY

Life Force at the Anvil, The Blacksmith's Art from Africa; with Asian-African historical notes
from ArtMetal.com (the ArtMetal Village)
Homes & Furnaces
First Furnaces
500 B.C.
Colonialization
Recycled Art
Earth's Blood
Birth from earth, air, fire, water

Basic facts about stainless steel International Iron and Steel Institute
A History of Welding & A History of Brazing from A History of Thermal Joining by Mark Sapp
Early Iron in China, Korea, and Japan
The Earliest Use of Iron in China: Metals in Antiquity, smelting, cast iron as a Chinese invention

^ SCIHIST
MUSEUMS
History of Science: Museums, memorials, historical places and exhibits
History of Science Museum IMSS Multimedia Catalogue
History of Science Museum, Florence
History of Science: Museums
IMSS - History of Science Museum - Multimedia Catalogue
History of Science Museums, memorials, historical & exhibits

Linda Hall Library: History of Science Collection
Online Exhibitions

Museum of Physics, U Naples, Italy, SiteMap
Collections

SJSU Virtual Museum: San Jose State U History of Mathematics, Science, & Technology
Mathematical Museum, The History Wing: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin
Museum of the History of Science Oxford
The Museum of the History of Science (Hooke) U Oxford
The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester:
The National Museum of Science and Industry: UK
Oxfordshire Museums
University of Toronto Museum of Scientific Instruments

^ SCIHIST
MUSIC & RECORDED SOUND
also see.. §MUSIC (History)§

Camden, New Jersey, and the History of Recorded Sound
Tim Gracyk's Home Page articles about phonographs & old records

^ SCIHIST
NAVIGATION & MARITIME
also see.. §MARITIME & NAVIGATION§

Art of Age of Sail custom hand-building fine ship models & half-hulls
Terminology from the Age of Sail with images

Lost at Sea - The Search for Longitude: PBS-NOVA, time as the basis of navigation

The Maritime History Virtual ArchivesUse It! by Lars Bruzelius ( Bruzelius.info )
Images
Maritime Etymology
Maritime History
Museums
Naval History
Rigging, Masting, and Sailmaking
Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture
Shipmodels
Ships
Societies

Naval Historical Center U.S. Department of the Navy
SolarNavigator.net renewable energy technology, boat design & marine history

Wikipedia
    º Category:Celestial navigation
    º Category:History of transportation
    º Category:Maritime history
    º Category:Navigation
    º Category:Navigational equipment
    º Category:Tides
Age of Discovery
Age of Sail
Alidade
Astrolabe
Backstaff
Celestial navigation
Chip log
Christopher Columbus
    º Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Clock, Star clock
Compass
Concrete ship
    º Ferrocement
    º Lambot, Joseph-Louis
Dead reckoning
Dividers
History of longitude
History of navigation
History of timekeeping devices
Hourglass
Intercept method
Jacob's staff
Kamal
Latitude
Longitude
    º Longitude by chronometer
Magnetic declination
Marine chronometer
Mariner's astrolabe
Maritime history
    º Ancient maritime history
    º Maritime history of Europe
    º Maritime history of Scotland
The Nautical Almanac
Nautical chart
Navigation
    º History of navigation
Navigational instrument
Navigational stars
Navigational transit
Nocturnal (instrument)
Octant (instrument)
Parallel rulers
Pelorus (instrument)
Quadrant (instrument)
Reflecting instrument
Sextant
Ship measurements
Submarine
    º History of submarines
Sundial
Time
Whaling
    º History of whaling


^ SCIHIST
NEWS & PUBLICATIONS
ISIS Journal of history of science, medicine, and technology, & cultural influences

^ SCIHIST
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Nobel Laureates in Physics 1901 - 1997

^ SCIHIST
NUCLEAR SCIENCE, ATOMIC ENERGY
The Atomic Archive history of nuclear power and the atomic bomb with biographies, timeline

^ SCIHIST
OPTICS
also see.. §ART§, Astronomy, §Optics§, §PHOTOGRAPHY§, Vision

BrightBytes.com
The Magic Mirror of Life: An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
D.A. Woodward, Photographic Educator and Inventor

Connexions
Galileo's Telescope

Google Books
Descartes and the Hyperbolic Quest Lens Making Machines and Their Significance in the 17th Century, D. Graham Burnett

A History of Light and Lighting by Bill Williams

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It!
Optics

Mechanical Engineering Magazine
Clear As Glass history of lens making and lathes

MuslimHeritage.com
Taqi al-Din ibn Ma´ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision

Natural Magick The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta, i.e., Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)
Book 17 Of Strange Glasses

Pbs.org
400 Years of the Telescope
    º Glass & Mirrors Toolkit

Spinoza's Ethics, A Polished Lens, About
Spinoza's Foci

Wikipedia
    º Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
    º Timeline of telescope technology
Alhazen's (Ibn al-Haytham) Book of Optics
Camera lucida ( see also Hockney-Falco thesis )
Camera obscura
Claude glass
della Porta, Giambattista perfected the camera obscura
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
History of optics
    º Lenses and Lensmaking
History of photography, Daguerre, Louis, Nicéphore Niépce, Schulze, Johann Heinrich
History of the telescope
Hockney-Falco thesis
Lens (optics)
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van
Light (also see speed of light)
Magic lantern or Slide projector
Pinhole camera
Speed of light
    º Ole Romer, Rømer's determination of the speed of light
Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677)
telescope, Newtonian
Wollaston, William Hyde (1766-1828) inventor of the camera lucida


^ SCIHIST
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
also see.. §PHILOSOPHY - Philosophy of Science§

History of Philosophy of Science Working Group research group, Links, Forum Archives ( Search )

^ SCIHIST
PHYSICS
also see.. Astronomy & Cosmology, Masters of Science, §PHYSICS§

Centuries of Astronomy Astronomy in Denmark Erling Poulsen by Erling Poulsen
The history of a velocity

Albert Einstein Online
American Institute of Physics (AIP) Center for History of Physics bios, photos: American Institute of Physics
Center for History of Physics: American Institute of Physics
CERN Historical and Scientific Archives:   CERN Scientific Information Service
A Concise History of Thermodynamics overview from biography of J. Willard Gibbs: permission Yale U
Contributions of Physics to The Information Age by Ian Bindloss:   UCLA Dept Physics & Astronomy
The Discovery of Radioactivity: Diamond Bar High School Teachers' Home Page:
Electromagnetism Timeline
Forum on the History of Physics: The American Physical Society

Galileo and Einstein with Greek contributions, Newton, experiments, applets by Michael Fowler, U Virginia
Two New Sciences, Selections from Two New Sciences

Galileo's invention of the pendulum clock IMSS Catalogue
The Galileo Project: Rice U

GAP - Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a System for Computational Discrete Algebra
History Topics: Mathematical Physics IndexUse It!

History of Crystallography: British Crystallographic Association
The History of High-Energy Astrophysics: NASA HEASARC
History and Philosophy of Physics Links
History of Physics: Net Advance of Physics, Links
History of Physics Exhibits and Source Materials: American Institute of Physics
History of Physics Group: Institute of Physics
Invention of the Laser at Bell Laboratories: 1958-1998 with Arthur Schawlow & Charles Townes bios

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Links
Digital Archive
Exhibits and Learning
Galileo, Galilean Digital Library, Galileo Galilei's Notes on Motion, Galilaeana Journal of Galilean Studies
Library and Archives
Online Resources

Jose Wudka, U California, Riverside, Physics: Physics 7
From Antiquity to Einstein

Laser History (1917-1996): Laser Starts

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, U St Andrews, Mathematical Physics Index:
Orbits & Gravitation
General & Special Relativity
Quantum Age

MathPages.com
History
Physics
Reflections on Relativity online book

Maxwell, J. Clerk MATTER and MOTION
Newtonia Sir Isaac Newton: newton.org.uk
Nobel e-Museum - Physics
The Particle Physics Adventure

PBS: NOVA
Galileo's Battle for the Heavens

Physics 7: Relativity and Cosmology development
Physics 2000 ( Applets) interactive journey through modern physics: U Colorado, Boulder
Physics and Astronomy People and Discoveries biographies & narratives

Physics History Finding Aids:
from.. Int'l Catalog of Sources search (ICOS), Niels Bohr Library Resources - Search the Catalogs

Physics Museum: U Queensland, Au
Physics Time-Line: weburbia.demon.co.uk
Physics Time-Line: weburbia.com
PhysicsWeb Reference/History
PhysLink.com Physics and Astronomy Education - History Links, Education, Ask the Experts
Resources of the Niels Bohr Library history of physics & allied fields
THE RICE SCHOOL WebNaissance Pages Middle School Lessons based upon the life of Galileo
Statistical Mechanics Timeline: U Colorado

Wikipedia
Aristotelian physics
Avicenna (Physics)
Bernoulli, Daniel
Boltzmann, Ludwig
Boyle, Robert
Carnot, Sadi
Clausius, Rudolf
Conservation of energy (History)
Descartes, Rene, The World
Einstein, Albert
Galilei, Galileo
Gibbs, Willard
History of thermodynamics
Hooke, Robert
Kepler, Johannes
Leibniz, Gottfried (Physics)
Maxwell, James Clerk
Momentum (History of the concept)
Newton, Isaac, Newton's laws of motion, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Schrodinger, Erwin
Theory of impetus
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin)
Waterston, John James
Wave-particle duality

The X-ray Century Roentgen's papers and interviews, excerpts, diagrams, photos...

^ SCIHIST
PRINTING
Wikipedia
History of printing
Intaglio (printmaking)
Letterpress printing
Lithography
Movable type
Offset printing
Printing press
Relief print
Wood engraving




^ SCIHIST
PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM, GEOCENTRISM, EARTH CENTERED UNIVERSE
also see.. Heliocentrism

Wikipedia
Aristotle, Aristotelian physics, Physics (Aristotle)
Celestial spheres, Celestial sphere, Firmament, Fixed stars
Eudoxus of Cnidus
Geocentric model
Greek astronomy
Ptolemy
Quintessence (physics)

Solar system model
Tycho Brahe, Tychonic system


^ SCIHIST
QUOTES
The Mathematical Quotations Server Furman U
A Short Dictionary of Scientific Quotations alphabetically by person

^ SCIHIST
RAILROADS

U Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library (DRL)
Image Collections
    º Library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx


^ SCIHIST
RELATIVITY
also see.. §Relativity§

Albert Einstein and the Theory of RelativityUse It!

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler, Use It! Overview and Lecture Index:
Speed of Light
Michelson-Morley Experiment
Special Relativity: What Time is it?, Synchronizing Clocks
Time Dilation: A Worked Example More Relativity: the Train and the Twins
Adding Velocities: A Walk on the Train
Conserving Momentum: the Relativistic Mass Increase
Using History to Teach Science


^ SCIHIST
RELIGIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS
Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 exhibit of scientific works

^ SCIHIST
SHIPS
Ancient Greek Methods of Boating and Sailing Kenny McMahon & Nick Chadha

^ SCIHIST
RENAISSANCE
Archives of historical-scientific interest in Tuscany

The Art of Renaissance Science: McMurry University

Bacon, Francis: Virginia Tech OnLine Books
The Galileo Project: Rice U

Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence Galileo & Leonardo
Digital Library

McMurry U
Galileo
    º The Art of Renaissance ScienceMust See!

Natural Magick The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta, i.e., Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)
Renaissance Science: Malespina Great Books - Science Centre

^ SCIHIST
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Wikipedia: History of scientific method

^ SCIHIST
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Scientific Revolution Home Page
• from Professor Robert A. Hatch, U Florida, Dept History

^ SCIHIST
SPACE TRAVEL
History of Astronomy and Space Science Links
History of NASA
History of Space Exploration: PlanetScapes.com
NASA History Timeline
Space History: NASA

^ SCIHIST
SPECTROSCOPY
also see.. §CHEMISTRY§, §PHYSICS§

Electrons in Atoms: Table of Contents
A Brief (Incomplete) History of Light and Spectra

History of Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic Timeline

^ SCIHIST
STEAM ENGINE
also see.. Thermodynamics, §Thermodynamics (ENGINEERING)§

BBC: History, British History in-depth Beam Engine & Beam Engine Animation James Watt's

Carl Lira, Michigan State U Engineering: Brief History of the Steam EngineUse It! with demonstration videos
Newcomen Atmospheric Engine Description
The Savery Pump
Vacuum Demonstrations
Watt Atmospheric Engine Description
Watt's Famous Experiment of the Separate Condenser

HollowellSteam.com: Watt Animation Steam Engine

U Rochester, History Resources: Steam Engine LibraryUse It!
James Watt by Andrew Carnegie
James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall
The Miners Friend or an engine to raise water by fire, by Thomas Savery
Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat (1825) by Sadi Carnot, as translated by Dr. Robert H. Thurston, 1890
Reminiscences of James Watt
The Steam Turbine by Sir Charles A. Parsons

Wikipedia
Category:Beam engines
Category:Industrial Revolution
Category:Stationary steam engines
Category:Steam engines
Category:Steam vehicles
Index of steam energy articles
Advanced steam technology
Beam engine
Boiler (steam generator)
Boulton, Matthew
Heat engine
Hero of Alexandria
    º Aeolipile (Hero engine)
History of the steam engine
History of thermodynamics
Murdoch, William (1754-1839) steam carriage
Newcomen, Thomas
    º Newcomen steam engine
Parsons, Charles Algernon (steam turbine inventor)
Pumpjack
Reciprocating motion
    º Reciprocating engine
Savery, Thomas
Solar thermal energy
Stationary steam engine
Steam
Steam accumulator
• Steam Driven Machines/Devices
    º Autoclave
    º Marine steam engine
    º Pressure cooking
    º Stationary steam engine
    º Steam aircraft
    º Steamboat
    º Steam car
    º Steam digester steam-release valve developed for Papin's digester to prevent explosions, inspired the piston-cylinder steam engine
    º Steam engine
Steam explosion
    º Steam generator (nuclear power)
    º Steam locomotive
    º Fireless locomotive
    º Steam cannon
    º Steam rocket
    º Steamroller
    º Steam tank
    º Steam tractor
    º Steam tricycle
    º Steam turbine
    º Traction engine
Torricelli, Evangelista first vacuum
Richard Trevithick
    º high pressure steam engine (strong steam) & railway steam locomotive
Vacuum created from steam condensation utilized atmospheric pressure to drive early steam engines
    º Horror vacui (physics)
Watt, James
    º Watt steam engine (with Boulton)


^ SCIHIST
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
also see.. Engineering

Fracture: MSE 2094 Class Project Contents ( Without Frames )
History and Brief Introduction of Fracture

Wikipedia (persons)
Griffith, Alan Arnold stress & fracture in metals: metal fatigue
Irwin, George Rankine fracture mechanics & strength of materials
Noll, Walter

Wikipedia
Category:History of engineering
History of engineering
History of structural engineeringUse It!
Concrete-History


^ SCIHIST
TECHNOLOGY
also see.. Engineering, §ENGINEERING-Invention§

Basic facts about stainless steel International Iron and Steel Institute
Brief History of Technology Regent U
Brief History of Technology in Japan: ICT, Inc. Prehistory, Jamo-Yayoi Periods

The Engines of Our IngenuityUse It! About, Contents, Search
• Public Radio show streaming audio &transcripts for every episode 1988
Transcripts

Eureka Science & Technology Database: Demonstration Access
History of Television by Jean-Jacques Peters (EBU)
A History of Welding, of Brazing and of Thermal Joining by Mark Sapp
How a Vacuum Tube Works from Svetlana.com

IEEE Global History Network (GHN) from the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), About, Advanced Search
Innovations Map
Milestones Program
Topics

Internet Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham U, Internet History Sourcebooks Project
Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution
Scientific Revolution

Inventing Modern America: From the Microwave to the Mouse, profiles of 35 inventors
The Invention Dimension American Inventors
Invent Now National Inventors Hall of Fame, Links
Lewis-Clark Antique Power Club antique engines
Links Related to the History of Technology: The Society for the History of Technology
The Origins of Agriculture article by Tom Higham
Remote Sensing in History obtaining information without direct physical contact
Short History Of Machine Tools

Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions, About, Museum Directory
History of Science and Technology at Smith College

Society for the History of Technology
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
Science Technology & Society: Dublin City University
Technology History Links
tvhist1.htm

UniData Earth-system education & research, About, Forums, Search ( Glimpse, Ultra Seek ) SiteMap
About Temperature

U Rochester, History Resources
Steam Engine LibraryUse It!
    º The Abortion of the Young Steam Engineer'S Guide by Oliver Evans, 1805
    º The Miners Friend, or an Engine to Raise Water by Fire Thomas Savery, 1702
    º Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power Sadi Carnot, 1824 (1890 translation)
    º Reminiscences of James Watt, 1859
    º Robert Fulton Engineer and Artist, 1913
    º James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall, 1925
    º The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, 1851 translation

Waterwheelfactory.com fabrication & restoration
history - Breast Wheel, Fourneyron, Overshot Wheel, Ossberger Turbine, Poncelet
Reference

Wikipedia
Category:Glass history
Category:History of technology
Category:History of transportation
Category:Industrial history
Category:Industrial Revolution
Category:Technology timelines
Efficiency Movement
History of the bicycle
History of materials science
History of paper
History of the steam engine
Industrial history
Timeline of agriculture and food technology
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
Timeline of electromagnetism
Timeline of heat engine technology
Timeline of historic inventions
Timeline of time measurement technology
Timeline of motor and engine technology
Timeline of steam power
Timeline of the telephone
Toy industry


^ SCIHIST
THERMODYNAMICS
also see.. Chemistry, Engineering, Steam Engine, §Thermodynamics (ENGINEERING)§

Annenberg Media Learner.org
Learning Science Through Inquiry
Mathematics and Science for All
The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond
    º 45. Temperature and Gas Laws behavior of gases, connection between temperature & heat
    º 46. Engine of Nature Carnot engine (i), beginning with simple steam engines
    º 47. Entropy The Carnot engine (ii), matter & flow of time
A Private Universe why even Ivy League graduates don't really grasp basic science concepts

Carlos Rodriguez, U at Albany, State U of New York
Sketching the History of Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Count Rumford's Homepage, Links
Nature and Physics of Heat
References

Elisabeth Moyer, U Chicago Dept Geophysical Sciences
GEOS 24705/ENST 24705: Science, Technology, and Human Usage of Energy
    º Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power Sadi Carnot, 1825 (excerpts)
    º The Refrigerator and the UniverseUse It! Understanding the Laws of Energy, Martin Goldstein & Inge F. Goldstein
    º Sadi Carnot, 'Founder of the Second Law of Thermodynamics' Herman Erlichson

Google Search
history of thermodynamic laws site:*.edu

Wikipedia persons
Avogadro, Amedeo
    º Avogadro constant (Avogadro's number)
    º Avogadro's law
J. J. Becher phlogiston theory of combustion
Black, Joseph (1728-1799) discovered latent heat, specific heat, carbon dioxide
Boltzmann, Ludwig Kinetic Theory
    º Boltzmann constant
Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
    º Boyle's law
    º The Sceptical Chymist
Carnot, Lazare
Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832) all heat input to his conceived perfect theoretical frictionless heat engine cannot be converted to work, 2nd law precursor
Celsius, Anders (1701-1744)
    º Celsius temperature scale
Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile (1799-1864) early 1850's: originated entropy, removed caloric and further developed & graphically represented Carnot's principle & reversible engine processes, 2nd law
Clausius, Rudolf born Rudolf Gottlieb (1822-1888) conceived the thermodynamic system
    º Clausius-Clapeyron relation characterizing a discontinuous phase transition
Einstein, Albert: Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics
    º Einstein relation (kinetic theory) explained Brownian motion
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel (1686-1736)
Fourier, Joseph (1768-1830) heat transfer, law of heat conduction (Fourier's law)
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
    º Gay-Lussac's law
Gibbs, Josiah Willard theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics
    º Fahrenheit temerature scale
Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889)
• Kelvin, Lord (see Thompson, William)
Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794) combustion & respiration theory, conservation of mass, stoichiometry
Maxwell, James Clerk
    º Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
    º Maxwell relations
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878) conservation of energy, oxidation as an energy source for life
Ole Romer (1644-1710)
Papin, Denis invented steam digester, forerunner of steam engine & pressure cooker
Prevost, Pierre
Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872) theory of heat engines, 1849 saturated vapour pressure & temperature relationship, latent heat of evaporation expressions
    º Romer scale temperature
Stahl, Georg Ernst (1659-1734) phlogiston theory
Thompson, Benjamin Count Rumford(1753-1814) mechanical equivalent of heat, measured specific heats of solids, improved chimneys & fireplaces, invented double boiler & coffee percolator
    º Rumford fireplace
Thomson, William, 1st Baron Kelvin “ it is impossible... to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of surrounding objects”
    º Kelvin scale of thermodynamic (absolute zero) temperature
Thermometer
Watt, James (1736-1819) developed steam engine & invented separate condensor, independent discovery of latent heat of vaporisation

Wikipedia
Category:History of chemistry
Caloric theory obsolete explanation for heat transfer as weightless fluid caloric gas flowing from hotter to colder bodies
Galileo thermometer
Heat
    º Mechanical equivalent of heat
History of Conservation of energy
History of chemistry
History of entropy
History of heat
History of perpetual motion machines
History of thermodynamics
Phlogiston theory obsolete explanation for oxidation as a weightless fire-like element released during combustion & rusting
Pneumatic chemistry
Power (physics) (also see Work)
    º Motive power
Thermometer
    º Galileo thermometer (Thermoscope)
Timeline of heat engine technology
Timeline of steam power
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
Timeline of thermodynamics
Vacuum created from steam condensation used atmospheric pressure to drive early steam engines
    º Horror vacui (physics)
Watt, James
Work (physics) (also see Power), Work (thermodynamics)


^ SCIHIST
TIMELINES/CHRONOLOGIES
also see.. §HISTORY§ & §US HISTORY§, §MAPS§, §Reference/Dictionaries§

DIRECTORIES-Timelines
dmoz.org Open Directory | Google.com | Yahoo.com

BrainBank from Cool Fire Technology
Important Dates in the History of Religion

Events In Science, Mathematics, and Technology, William Nielsen Brandt

HyperHistory.com, HyperHistory OnlineUse It!

Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemsoc: ChemSoc TimelineUse It!

Timelines of History by Algis Ratnikas

biology)
Chronology of Significant Historical Developments in the Biological Sciences: 1800 BC to 1993

brain & neuroscience)
Milestones in Neuroscience Research Timeline:   Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. - Neuroscience for Kids

Neuroscience Timeline:   Brains on the Web: Comparative Neuroanatomy and Intelligence
Intelligence & Brain Size, Glossary of Terms, Links

chemistry)
Chemical Societies Network Chembytes Infozone Search, timelineUse It!

computers)
Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers

environment)
Sustainable Development Timeline

geology)
Geologic Time:   Paleontology at the U.S. Geological Survey, Glossary of Terms
Geological Time Scale, Andrew MacRae:   Dept Geology & Geophysics, U Calgary

Geologic Time ScaleUse It!   Dept of Geology & Geophysics, U Alaska, Fairbanks

Life Through Geologic Time:
Earth History Resources, Glenn T. Seaborg Center for teaching & learning science & math, N. Michigan U

Museum of Paleontology, U California, Berkeley - Introductions to...
Hadean 3.8 to 4.5 billion years
Archaean 2.5 to 3.8 billion years
Proterozoic Era 544 million to 2.5 billion years
Paleozoic Era 245 to 544 million years
Mesozoic Era 65 to 245 million years
the Cenozoic 65 Million Years to the Present

The Age of Reptiles Mural at the Yale Peabody Museum:   Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale U -
Enter the Actors in a Riot of Life: the Carboniferous & Devonian
Remaking the World: the Permian
Dawn of The Age of Dinosaurs: the Triassic
High Noon of the Dinosaurs: The Jurassic
The Final Chapter: The Cretaecous

UCMP Web Time Machine:   Museum of Paleontology, U California, Berkeley
Evolutionary and Geological Timelines

math)
HyperComplex numbers Timeline
Statistical Mechanics Timeline: U Colorado

physics)
Physics Time-Line
Electromagnetism Timeline

science)
Niel's Science Timelines

universe)
Timeline of the Universe NASA

vision)
Important Dates in Vision Science Vision Research UC Irvine

^ SCIHIST
VIDEO


Annenberg Media Learner.org, Teacher Resources
The Mechanical Univers and BeyondUse It!


^ SCIHIST
VISION
also see.. Optics

How We See: The First Steps of Human VisionUse It! with history: AccessExcellence.org

Important Dates in Vision Science Vision Research UC Irvine

^ SCIHIST
WATER
Greek Waterworks: Portland State U

^ SCIHIST
WEATHER
NOAA History art, biographies, maps, poems, stories...: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin

^ SCIHIST
WOMEN
also see.. §ART§, §MUSIC§, §SCIENCE§, §SOCIETY§, §HISTORY§, §SCIENCE§, §US HISTORY§

4000 Years of Women in Science bios, references, photos: U Alabama

^ SCIHIST
UNITS & CONSTANTS

Brief history of the SI & Historical context of the SI base units:   Background on the SI
from.. NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty


^ SCIHIST
WEB, INTERNET
also see.. Computer

DIRECTORIES-Internet History
dmoz.org Open Directory | Google.com | Yahoo.com

Davesite.com (ads!), History of the Internet chronology by Dave Kristula

History of the Internet, Internet for Historians (and just about everyone else), Richard T. Griffiths
from U Leiden

Internet Archive & Wayback Machine, surf more than 10 billion web pages from the past
Internet Society, Internet Histories Links

^ SCIHIST
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