ELA History of Science Directory

ELA HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

^ SCIHIST

AGRICULTURE
also see.. §AGRICULTURE§, §Fertilizers (AGRICULTURE)§, Food
DIRECTORIES-History of Agriculture
dmoz Open Directory | Google | Wikipedia | Yahoo

GardenDigest.com, History of Gardening: A Timeline From Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century

History and Literature of Horticulture by Professor Freeman S. Howlett, Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State U
• Centuries: 12th to 1st B.C.
• 1st to 15th Century
• Centuries: 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th

Origins of Agriculture as a Natural Experiment in Cultural Evolution
Wikipedia
º Category:Agriculturalists
º Category:History of agriculture
º Category:Landscape design history
º Category:Types of garden by historical empire
º List of agricultural machinery
º Timeline of agriculture and food technology
• Bakewell, Robert (agriculturalist) (1725–1795)
• British Agricultural Revolution
• Carver, George Washington (1864-1943)
• Common land
º Tragedy of the commons
• Crop rotation#History
• Cultivator#History
• Enclosure ends traditional rights to common land
• Factory farming#History
• Jared Diamond (1937)
º Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
º Guns, Germs, and Steel
• Domestication
• Harry Ferguson (1884-1960) Ferguson-Sherman Inc., three point linkage Ferguson plough, Ford-Ferguson tractor
º Ferguson Company
º Massey Ferguson
• Free range#History
• Garden#History see History of gardening
• History of agricultural science
• History of agriculture
º Agriculture in ancient Greece
º Incan agriculture
º Roman agriculture
• History of cotton
• History of fertilizer
• History of gardening
º Allotment (gardening)
º Community garden
º Byzantine gardens
º Persian gardens
º Roman gardens
º Terrace garden
• History of organic farming
• History of plant breeding
• Hoe-farming
• Horse collar
• Incan agriculture
• Intensive farming
• John Deere#History
• Loy (spade)
• Manor
º Lord of the Manor
• Mechanised agriculture
• Neolithic Revolution 1st agricultural revolution
º Neolithic founder crops
• New World Crops
• Obshchina Russian mir community communal ownership
• Open field system
• Plough#History
º Aratrum Latin plough
º Ard (plough)
º Coulter (Agriculture) or knife
º Ploughshare
º Ridge and furrow Medieval ploughing system
• Secondary products revolution 4th-3rd millennia BC milk, wool, traction, riding & pack transport
• Sherratt, Andrew (1946-2006)
º Secondary products revolution 4th-3rd millennia BC milk, wool, traction, riding & pack transport
• Shifting cultivation
• Slash-and-burn
• Subsistence agriculture
• Terrace (agriculture)
º Terrace garden
• Traction engine
• Tractor#History
º Three-point hitch#History

^ SCIHIST

ANCIENT
Ancient Mathematics History & Its Modern Fates
Ancient Science: Horus Publications on the Internet Beginner's Guide
Aristotle et al.: Jacques Maritain Center Readings for Philosophers and Catholics
Aristotle, Works: Virginia Tech Online Books
Euclid's Elements Intro: History of Mathematics by David E. Joyce, Clark U

From Stargazers to Starships Use It!

by David P. Stern, NASA Site Map
•How distant is the Moon? 1 & 2

HistoryForKids.org Ancient World History & Middle Ages
Internet Classics Archive: Online Science & Literature Classics
Jason's Web Site on Ancient Greek Science agriculture to astronomy, articles & links

Measuring the Moon's Diameter with Help from Eratosthenes
Michael Lahanas, Ancient Greece Use It!

Plato, Works: Virginia Tech Online Books

Wikipedia.org
• Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon)

^ SCIHIST

ART & SCIENCE

The Art of Renaissance Science Must See!

Astronomical Observatory of Padova

The Art of Renaissance Science: Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development
The Art of Renaissance Science: McMurry University

^ SCIHIST

ASSOCIATIONS
The Agricultural History Society
American Philosophical Society
The British Society for the History of Science
Century of Physics, A 20th century timeline

Chemical Societies Network Chembytes Infozone Search, timeline Use It!

Discovery of the Electron J.J. Thomson 1897 experiments

Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (DHST)
• Archives

Galileo and Einstein lecture notes on two revolutions
Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities biographies & images
General Relativity Einstein's developments and collaborations leading to...
History of Physics Group: Institute of Physics

History of Science Society (HSS) & their official publication: ISIS
• Graduate Programs in History of Science and Related Studies

International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB)
International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS)
The Society for the History of Technology (SHOT)
World History of Science Online free resource for scholars worldwide
• List of Subjects

^ SCIHIST

ASTROLOGY
also see.. §Astrology§, Astronomy

AccessNewAge.com, Looking Deeper Magazine, Astrology Section
• History of Astrology another View ( 2, 3 ) by Robert Hand

ProjectHindsight.com

^ SCIHIST

ASTRONOMY & COSMOLOGY
also see.. Astrology, §ASTRONOMY§, Optics, Physics

Amazing Space from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STSI), Links, SiteMap
• Capture the Cosmos
º History of science
• Online Explorations
º From Galileo to HST
• For educators and developers

The American Institute of Physics: Center for History of Physics
• Cosmic Journey Use It!

Archimedes Project History of Mechanics
• Dialogues on Two World Systems by Galileo Galilei (1661) Tr. Thomas Salusbury

Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy: U Bonn Links
Atlas Coelestis (Italian) by Felice Stoppa

Baade, Walter & Zwicky, Fred
• Cosmic Rays from Super-Novae, 1934
• On Super-Novae, 1934

Centuries of Astronomy Astronomy in Denmark Erling Poulsen by Erling Poulsen
• Archaeoastronomy in Denmark prehistoric
• The history of a velocity

Depauw U, Science Fiction Studies Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Galileo Images of the Universe from Antiquity to the Telescope

Google Books
• Berry, Arthur
º A Short History of Astronomy (1899)
• Byrne, Oliver
º Byrne's Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy (1877)
• Dreyer, John Louis Emil
º Copernicus Vol.3 (1884)
º History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler (1906)
º Tycho Brahe: a picture of scientific life and work in the sixteenth century (1890)

Great Debates in Astronomy astronomy and astrophysics at the turn of the millennium

History of Astronomy by Robert Harry van Gent

History of Astronomy: Items: Space Exploration [Index]
History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on March 1, 1996
History of Astronomy and Space Science Links

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• The Face of the Moon Galileo to Apollo
• Out of This World The Golden Age of the Celestial Atlas, Rare Books

Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial: UCLA, FAQ
• Part 1: Observations of Global Properties
• Part 2: Homogeneity and Isotropy; Many Distances; Scale Factor
• Part 3: Spatial Curvature; Flatness-Oldness; Horizon
• Part 4: Inflation; Anisotropy and Inhomogeneity
• The ABC's of Distances
• Age of the Universe
• Popular Cosmology Books (bibliography)
• Relativity Tutorial

Starry Messenger Use It!

from U Cambridge History and Philosophy of Science Dept: Index
• An Islamic Astrolabe
• Galileo Galilei
• Johannes Kepler
• Mathematical Techniques in Astronomy
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
• The Quadrant and Sextant
• Tycho Brahe

Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period: An Annotated Bibliography
• by Gary D. Thompson

The Telescope historical article
Timeline of the Universe NASA

Tycho Brahe Homepage

U Oklahoma, Dept History of Science, Exhibits Online, Search
• History of the Constellations

Wikipedia (astronomers)
º Category:Astronomers
º List of astronomers
• Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) first heliocentric model
º Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon
• Baade, Walter (1893-1960) discovered 2 types Cepheid variable stars, doubling Hubble's distance calculations & cosmologists' age of the Universe
• Bessel, Friedrich (1784-1846) first measurement of distance to a star (61 Cygni)
• Bradley, James (1693-1762)
º Aberration of light
º Discovery of Nutation or Earth's axis
• Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601)
º De nova stella, 1573
• Ismael Bullialdus (ca.1605-1694)
• Chaucer, Geoffrey (1343-1400)
º Treatise on the Astrolabe
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) heliocentric cosmology displacing Earth from the center of the universe
º De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1543
• Doppler, Christian (1803-1853)
º Doppler effect
• Eratosthenes (276-195 BC) first to measure the Earth's diameter
• Fowler, Ralph H. (1889-1944) stellar spectra, temperatures & pressures
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
º Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1632
º Galileo's telescope (Refracting Telescope)
º Sidereus Nuncius (Starry or Sidereal Messenger) 1610
º Two New Sciences 1638, Law of falling bodies
• Herschel, John (1792-1871) pioneer in development of astrophotography, first photograph on glass
• Herschel, William (1738-1822) discovered Uranus & infrared radiation
º Herschel's telescopes
• Hertzsprung, Ejnar (1873-1967) 1910 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; 1913 distances to Cepheid variables by statistical parallax
• Hipparchus (190-120 BC) main source of Ptolemy's calculations, precession of the equinoxes
º On Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon
• Hoyle, Fred (1915-2001) early calculations for phases of stellar nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than Hydrogen & Helium
• Hubble, Edwin (1889-1953) expansion of universe
º Hubble's law
• Huggins, William (1824-1910) pioneered astronomical spectroscopy, determined stellar elements & Doppler shift radial velocities, distinguished nebulae from galaxies
• Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
º Keplerian Telescope
º Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• Leavitt, Henrietta Swan (1868-1921) discovered means of measuring absolute extragalactic distance with her period-luminosity relationship for (Small Magellanic Cloud) Cepheid variables
º Cepheid variable (discovery)
• Newton, Isaac (1643-1727)
º Newtonian telescope
º Newton's law of universal gravitation
º Newton's laws of motion
º Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
• Ptolemy (90-168)
º Almagest
• Russell, Henry Norris (1877-1957) 1910 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• Saha, Meghnad (1893-1956)
º Saha ionization equation relates an element's ionization state to temperature & pressure, in spectral classification of stars
• Sandage, Allan (1926-)
• Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974) supernova as transition to neutron star, source of cosmic rays & as standard candles; galaxy clusters as gravitational lenses
º Tired light

Wikipedia: History of astronomy
º Category:Astronomical instruments
º Category:History of astrology
º Category:History of astronomy
º History of general relativity
º History of geodesy
º History of photography
º History of the telescope
º List of space telescopes
• Age of the universe
• Apparent retrograde motion planetary<
• Astrology and astronomy
• Astrometry
• Astronomy
• Astrophotography (History)
• Cepheid variable period-luminosity relationship found by Henrietta Leavitt enabled measurement of extragalactic distances
• Clockwork universe theory
• Comet (History)
• Cosmological principle on a large scale the properties & physical laws of the Universe are the same in all spatial locations, which implies homogeneity & isotropy
º Perfect cosmological principle extends cosmological principle to both space & time
• Golden age of cosmology
• HII region identified by Allan Sandage as brighter than brightest stars in galaxies, increasing distances of related galaxies & age of Universe
• History of astronomy
• Instruments
º Astrolabe
º Astrophotography
º Backstaff
º Charge-coupled device
º Quadrant (instrument)
º Sextant (astronomical)
• N-body problem
• Parallax
• Redshift
º Cosmological redshift - due to the expansion of space (not observed within the Local Group of galaxies due to gravitational effects overwhelming expansion tendency)
º Doppler effect due to objects moving through space
º Gravitational redshift due to loss of energy in escaping a gravitational field
º Tired light
• Relativity, Theory of
º General Relativity, History of general relativity
º Special relativity, History of special relativity
• Small Magellanic Cloud galaxy where period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid Variables found by Henrietta Leavitt
• Spectrum analysis
• Stellar parallax

WilbourHall.org mathematics & mathematical astronomy historical sources
Working Group for the History of Astronomy

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-History Use It!

History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
º Anaxagoras
º Astronomical Science
º Ideas of Cosmology
º Babylonian Astronomy
º Astrology
º The Early Greek Philosophers in Italy
º Physical Speculations
º Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
º Greek Science of the Alexandrian Or Hellenistic Period
º Aristarchus of Samos, the Copernicus of Antiquity
º Eratosthenes, "The Surveyor of the World"
º Hipparchus, "The Lover of Truth"
º Strabo the Geographer
º Two Famous Expositors--Pliny and Ptolemy
º Ptolemy, the Last Great Astronomer of Antiquity
º A Retrospective Glance At Classical Science
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
º The New Cosmology--Copernicus to Kepler and Galileo
º Johann Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion
º Galileo Galilei
º Galileo and the New Physics
º Astrology
º Newton and the Law of Gravitation
º Proposition V., Theorem V.
º Proposition VI., Theorem VI.
º Proposition VII., Theorem VII.
º Instruments of Precision in the Age of Newton Instruments of Precision in the Age of Newton
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
º Modern Development of the Physical Sciences
º The Successors of Newton in Astronomy
º Bradley and the Aberration of Light
º French Astronomers
º Leonard Euler
º The Progress of Modern Astronomy
º The Nebular Hypothesis of Kant
º Laplace and the Nebular Hypothesis
º Asteroids and Satellites
º The Discovery of Neptune
º The Rings of Saturn
º Studies of the Moon
º Comets and Meteors
º The Fixed Stars
º Double Stars
º The Distance of the Stars
º Revelations of the Spectroscope
º The Astronomy of the Invisible
º The Structure of Nebulae
º Lockyer's Meteoric Hypothesis
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4

^ SCIHIST

ATOMISM
also see.. Vacuum Tube

Google Books
• Eve, Arthur Stewart
º Rutherford: being the Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Lord Rutherford, O.M
• Rutherford, Ernest
º Radioactive substances and their radiations 1913
º Radioactive transformations 1906
º Radio-activity 1904
• Thompson, Joseph John (J.J.)
• Von Baeyer, Hans Christian
º Taming the Atom: the Emergence of the Visible Microworld

Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) US Dept Energy
• Noise and Optimization of the DC SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interface Device)

Wikipedia
º Category:History of chemistry
• Al-Ghazali (1058–1111)
• Antimatter
º Antiparticle
• Atom
º Atomic nucleus
º Electron
• Atomic mass unit
• Atomic theory Use It!

• Atomic weight
• Atomism
• Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)
• Bell, John Stewart (1928-1990)
º Bell's theorem
• Bohm, David (1885-1962)
º De Broglie-Bohm theory
• Bohr, Niels (1885-1962)
º Bohr model
• Born, Max (1882-1970) probablility wave interpretation of wave equation
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
º The Sceptical Chymist
• Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600)
• Copenhagen interpretation
• Corpuscularianism
• Correspondence principle quantum mechanical systems behavior reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers
• Crookes, William (1832-1919)
º Crookes tube
º Vacuum tube
• Dalton, John (1766-1844)
• de Broglie, Louis (1832-1919)
º De Broglie-Bohm theory
º Matter wave (de Broglie wave/hypothesis)
º Wave-particle duality
• Davisson–Germer experiment
• Democritus (~460 BC – ~370 BC)
• de Vries, Gustav (1866-1934)
º Korteweg-de Vries equation
• Dispersionless equation
• Double-slit experiment
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
• Hariot, Thomas (1560-1621)
• History of chemistry
• Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)
• Korteweg, Diederik (1848-1941)
º Korteweg-de Vries equation
• Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794
• Leucippus (1st half 5th BC)
• Lucretius (~99 BC – ~55 BC)
º De rerum natura
• Marsden, Ernest (1889-1970)
º Geiger-Marsden experiment
• Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)
• Paul, Wolfgang (1913-1993) co-developed non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter layinge foundation for the ion trap
º Ion trap
• Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)
º Pauli exclusion principle
• Russell, John Scott (1808-1882) first to observe and reproduce a solitary wave
º Soliton or wave of translation
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
º Geiger-Marsden experiment
º Rutherford model
• Schrodinger, Erwin (1887-1961)
º Schrodinger equation
• Soliton
• Thomson, J. J. (1856-1940)
º Plum pudding model
• Young, Thomas (scientist) (1773-1829)
º Young's interference experiment

^ SCIHIST

AUDIO

Librivox.org
• Brewster, David (1781 - 1868): The Martyrs of Science, or, the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler
• Einstein, Albert (1879 - 1955)
• Lodge, Oliver (1851 - 1940): Pioneers of Science by Oliver Lodge, 1887
• Poincaré, Henri (1854 - 1912): Science and Hypothesis
• Thomson, J. Arthur (1861 - 1933): The Outline of Science, Vol 1-3

BBC, IPlayer Radio Shows Online: History of Science
• Ageing the Earth the four great Eons
• Alchemy
• Anaesthetics
• Anatomy 2000 year old quest to understand
• Antimatter
• Archimedes
• Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence are we near to achieving a thinking, feeling computer
• Astronomy and the British Empire
• Baconian Science
• Black Holes
• Blood
• Calculus dispute between Newton & Leibniz
• The Calendar
• Caloric
• The Cambrian Period the explosion of life
• Carbon
• Chance and Design
• Chaos Theory and our understanding of the universe
• Chemical Elements chemistry's ongoing mission to understand
• Chemistry
• Climate Change predictions and solutions
• Consciousness preoccupying philosophers and scientists
º The Brain and Consciousness
• Cryptography
• Dark Energy
• Darwin: 1, 2, 3, 4
• Disease Man and
• Dreams
• Drugs narcotics and stimulants in the history of medicine
• The Earth's Origins
• Electrickery
• Evolution advances in evolutionary biology & the future of gene therapy
• The Fibonacci Sequence
• Fossils significance in history
• Galaxies
• Genetic Determinism and our personalitie
• Genetic Mutation
• Genetics development of the science
• Goethe and the Science of the Enlightenment
• Grand Unified Theory the 20th century pursuit
• The Graviton
• The Great Disruption the shift from industrial to information society
• Heat
• The Heart
• Higgs Boson
• Human Evolution
• Human Nature
• Human Origins
• Humboldt, Alexander Von
• Hysteria
• Imagination the creative forces
• Imagination and Consciousness neuroscience
• Immunisation
• Indian Mathematics
• Infinity
• Information Technology social and economic consequences
• Intelligence origins, manifestations and possibilities
• The Jesuits
• Jung Carl Gustav
• The KT Boundary and dinosaur extinction
• Lamarck and Natural Selection
• Language and the Mind language - innate or cultural
• The Laws of Motion, Isaac Newton's
• Laws of Nature
• The Lunar Society 18th century scientists/engineers
• Magnetism
• Mammals the Rise of
• Mars
• Mathematics its relation to other sciences
• Maxwell James Clerk
• Memory
• Memory and Culture changes in collective and individual remembering
• Meteorology
• Microbiology
• The Music of the Spheres
• The Natural Order taxonomy
• The Needham Question European & Chinese Technologies
• Negative Numbers
• Neuroscience in the 20th century
• Nuclear Physics it's 20th century development
• Oceanography
• Optics
• The Origins of Life
• Oxygen discovery of Oxygen by Priestley & Lavoisier: Show
• Pain
• The Physics of Realitythe attempt to reconcile Quantum Theory & classical physics
• Pi
• The Planets
• Plate Tectonics
• The Poincare Conjecture
• Popper, Karl
• Priestley, Joseph
• Prime Numbers
• Psychoanalysis and Literature
• Quantum Gravity 20th century attempts to understand
• Radiation
• Renaissance Magic
• Renaissance Maths
• Rutherford
• Science in the 20th century how perceptions of science have changed
• Science's Revelations whether science has ruined our sense of poetic wonder
• The Scientist historical role and origin of the concept
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Space in Religion and Science cyberspace and a new concept of space
• The Speed of Light
• Stars The Life of
• Symmetry
• Theories of Everything
• Time The Physics of...
• Time history of the attempts to understand
• The Universe's Origins
• The Universe's Shape, size and topology
• The Vacuum of Space
• Vulcanology
• Zero

The Universe in Mind hosted by Ivan Semeniuk, from Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, U Toronto
• Flames on Mt. Wilson interview with Marcia Bartusiak Mt. Wilson Observatory's place in the history of Cosmology and Hal McAllister discusses the site's 2009 fire
• Galileo (Part 1): The Negotiation interview with science historian Mario Biagioli
• Galileo (Part 2): The Dinner Party
• Lincoln's Moon; Darwin's Universe

^ SCIHIST

BICYCLES
also see.. §HUMAN POWER & BICYCLES§

DIRECTORIES-Bicycles
Wikipedia

Bicycle Museum of America

e-cobr
• Some of the history of Cycling

Jim Langley Use It!

Bicycle Afficionado, Links
• Myths & Milestones in Bicycle Evolution by William Hudson

U Warwick, Library
• Sources for the History of Cycling

^ SCIHIST

BIOGRAPHIES
also see.. MATHEMATICS

Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries A Source!

Rice U, The Galileo Project

Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics: U California, Search

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Enter Evolution: Theory and History A Source!

U California, Berkeley

Great scientists/mathematicians and my version of the future [very limited]
Great Thinkers and Visionaries
Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence Galileo & Leonardo
Irish Scientific Lives: Irish Research Scientists' Association

Web Links: Famous Scientists a Hub!

PhysicsWeb

NAMES
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): U California, Berkeley
The Bernoullis (1654-1782) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Bohr, Neils Library: American Institute of Physics
Boyle, Robert - Work Diaries from the Perseus Digital Library
Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601): Rice U, The Galileo Project
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543): Rice U, The Galileo Project
D'Alembert , Jean-le-Rond (1717-1783) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802): U California, Berkeley - Enter Evolution
da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519): U California, Berkeley
Descartes, René (1596-1650) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin

EINSTEIN, ALBERT
Einstein, Albert... The Einstein Papers Project: Boston U
Einstein, Albert... Online by S. Morgan Friedman

Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Fourier, Joseph - Politician & Scientist by David Keston
Galilei, Galileo: Rice U, The Galileo Project
Hooke, Robert (1635-1703): U California, Berkeley
Huygens, Christian (1629-1695) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630): Rice U, The Galileo Project
Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728-1777) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Legendre, Adrian Marie (1752-1833) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin

MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK
Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank
Google Image Search: James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) from Answers in Genisis, Biography Index
James Clerk Maxwell from the MacTutor History of Mathematics

James Clerk Maxwell and the Christian Proposition Use It!

by Ian Hutchinson, MIT

NEWTON , SIR ISAAC
Newton , Sir Isaac (1642-1727) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Newton , Sir Isaac Newtonia: newton.org.uk

Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Poincare, Jules Henri (1854-1912): MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

^ SCIHIST

BIOLOGY
The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, User Guide

Google Biology Directory

Google Books
• Taylor, Henry Osborn
º Greek Biology and Medicine 1922

Journey Into the Cell Electron Microscopy & Cell Biology, Rockefeller U
Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century from "Teaching History of Science: Resources & Strategies,"

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• The Grandeur Of Life a short history of natural history
• Voyages: Scientific Circumnavigations 1679-1859

MendelWeb (Gregor Mendel) history of genetics, data analysis, plant science

NobelPrize.org
• Life and Discoveries of Santiago Ramon y Cajal

The Rockefeller University Journey Into the Cell History of Electron Microscopy & Modern Cell Biology
The New Scientist's on-line Planet Earth

Wikipedia (people): History of biology
º Category:Biology timelines
º Category:History of biology
º Timeline of microscope technology
• Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707-1788) naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist & encyclopedic author
• Crick, Francis (1916-2004) joint discovery of DNA structure
• Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) instrumental in establishing comparative anatomy & paleontology, establishing extinction as a fact
• Dawkins, Richard (1941-) ethologist, evolutionary biologist & science popularizer
º The Selfish Gene 1976, gene-centred view of evolution
• Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
º The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
º On the Origin of Species 1859
• Fisher, Ronald (1890-1962) statistician, evolutionary biologist, eugenicist & geneticist; Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
• Gould, John (1804-1881) ornithologist & bird artist, identification of birds now nicknamed “Darwin's finches”
• Gould, Steven J. (1941-2002) paleontologist, evolutionary, science historian & popularizer; punctuated equilibrium
• Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744-1829) naturalist, early proponent of evolution by natural laws; inheritance of acquired characteristics, use/disuse model
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778) botanist, physician & zoologist; foundations for binomial nomenclature & taxonomy
• Mendel, Gregor (1822-1884) genetics & inheritance
• Kimura, Motoo (1924-1994) theoretical population & evolutionary geneticist
• Ramon y Cajal, Santiago (1852-1934) pioneered in brain microscopic structure
• Vitalism
• von Liebig, Justus (1803-1873) invention of nitrogen-based fertilizer
º Liebig's law of the minimum plant growth is controlled by the scarcest (limiting factor) resource
• Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913) independent discovery of natural selection
• Watson, James D. (1928-) joint discovery of DNA structure
• George C. Williams (1926-) evolutionary biologist; development of gene-centric view of evolution in the 1960's

Wikipedia
• Creationism
• Evolution
• Genetic Drift
• Modern evolutionary synthesis
• Natural Selection
• Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution
• Pangenesis Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity
• Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory
• Vitalism living functions due to principles distinct from biochemistry & the laws of physics

^ SCIHIST

BOOKS
also see.. respective section for your topic of interest

Amazon.com
• Textbooks
•Search: History of Science

Archimedes Project
• Dialogues on Two World Systems by Galileo Galilei (1661) Tr. Thomas Salusbury

Archive.org
• The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science; a Historical and Critical Essay by Edwin Arthur Burtt (1923)
• The Rise of Modern Physics a Popular Sketch (1928) by Henry Crew

Association of British Science Writers (ABSW)

BarnesAndNoble.com
• Science & Nature
º History of Science

European Medical Writers Association

Google Books (Public Domain)
• Boyle, Robert
º Medicinal Experiments, or a Collection of Choice and Safe Remedies Vols 1 & 2
º The Philosophical Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle Esq Vol. 2
º The Theological Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq; Epitomiz'd in Three Volumes Vol. 2
º The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle in Six Volumes: Vol. 1 The Sceptical Chymist, 3 4
• Cajori, Florian also see Mathematics History
º A History of the Conceptions of Limits and Fluxions in Great Britain, from Newton to Woodhouse (1919)
º A History of Physics in its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories (1917)
• Crew, Henry
º The Rise of Modern Physics a Popular Sketch (1928)
º The Wave Theory of Light: Memoirs of Huygens, Young and Fresnel (1900) Scientific Memoirs series, Vol.X
• Flammarion, Camille
º Astronomy
º The Atmosphere (1873)
º Popular Astronomy: A General Description of the Heavens (1894)
• Heinrich Hertz
º Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space (1893cc )
• Laplace, Pierre Simon (marquis de)
º Elementary illustrations of the Celestial mechanics of Laplace 1821 Tr. Thomas Young
º The mechanics of Laplace
º A philosophical essay on probabilities
º The system of the world Vol1
º A treatise upon analytical mechanics
• Lewes, George Henry
º Aristotle: a Chapter from the History of Science: Including Analyses of Aristotle's Scientific Writings (1864)
• The London encyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics...(1829)
º Vol.2 America to Arsenal
º Vol.3 Arsenic to Bell
º Vol.4 Benedict to Cadiz
º Vol.5 Caffraria to Clepsydra
º Vol.7 Cutlery to Elasticity
º Vol.8 Elasticity to Ezra
º Vol.9 F to Garter
º Vol.11 Halo to Indulgence
º Vol.12 Infanticide to Lindus
º Vol.13 Line to Medici (Internet Archive copy)
º Vol.14 Medicine to Mithradates
º Vol.15 Mithradates to Nox
º Vol.16 Nubia to Perambulator
º Vol.17 Perception to Post
º Vol.18 Potash to Rome
º Vol.19 Rome to Seduction
º Vol.20 Seduction to Sphere
º Vol.21 Spheroid to Tewkesbury
º Vol.22 Thales to Zypaeus
• London Encyclopedia (1839)
º Vol.2 America to Arsenal
º Vol.3 Arsenic to Bell
º Vol.4 Benedict to Cadiz
º Vol.5 Caffraria to Clepsydra
º Vol.6 Clergy to Customs
º Vol.7 Cutlery to Elasticity
º Vol.8 Elasticity to Ezra
º Vol.9 F to Garter
º Vol.10 Gas to Halley
º Vol.12 Ink to Lindsey
º Vol.14 Medicine to Mithradates
º Vol.15 Mithradates to Nox
º Vol.17 Perception to Post
º Vol.18 Potash to Rome
• The London encyclopaedia
º Vol.20
• Maclaurin, Colin
º An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries (1750)
• Muller, Vitus (Kepler's instructor)
º Dilputationis Physicae de Mundo
º Disputatio de Principiis Rerum Naturalium
• Osborn, Henry Fairfield
º From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea, 1905
• Thomson, J. Arthur
º The Outline of Science: A Plain Story Simply Told: Vol.2, Vol.3, Vol.4, Vol.1@Gutenberg.org
• Whewell, William
º Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology 1833
º History of the Inductive Sciences:
◊ Vol.1 of 3 1837 Vol.2 of 3 1837
◊ Vol.1 of 3 1847, Vol.2 of 3 1847, Vol.3 of 3 1847,
◊ Vol.1 of 2 1859, Vol.2 of 2 1859
º History of scientific ideas: Being the first part of The philosophy of the inductive sciences 1858
º The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded upon their History Vol.1 1847, Vol.2 1840
• Williams, Henry Smith & Edward Huntington Williams
º A History of Science, Vol's 1, Index
• Wilson, George
º The Life of the Honble Henry Cavendish including abstracts (1851)
• Young, Thomas
º A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1845): Vol. 1, Vol. 2-Plates
º Miscellaneous works of the late Thomas Young 1855
º Observations on vision from the Phil. trans. of the Royal society, 1793
º The wave theory of light: memoirs of Huygens, Young and Fresnel

Google Books ELApro's Recommended Reading List
• Barrow, John D.
º The Artful Universe 1995 or The Artful Universe Expanded 2005
º New Theories of Everything
º Pi in the Sky: counting, thinking, and being
• Bartusiak, Marcia
º Through a universe darkly: a cosmic tale of ancient ethers, dark matter, and the fate of the universe
• Berman, Bob
º Secrets of the night sky: the most amazing things in the universe you can see with the naked eye
• Bernal, John Desmond
º A History of Classical Physics: From Antiquity to the Quantum
• Blum, Deborah
º The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York
• Bochner, Salomon
º The Role of Mathematics in the Rise of Science
• Burreson, Jay & Couteur, Penny Le
º Napoleon's buttons: 17 molecules that changed history
• Capra, Fritjof
º The science of Leonardo: inside the mind of the great genius of the Renaissance
• Cobb, Cathy
º Creations of fire: chemistry's lively history from alchemy to the atomic age
º Magick, mayhem, and mavericks: the spirited history of physical chemistry
• Cohen, I. Bernard
º The Cambridge companion to Newton edited with George Edwin Smith
• de Duve, Christian
º Vital Dust: life as a cosmic imperative
• Darling, David
º Gravity's Arc: the Story of Gravity, from Aristotle to Einstein and Beyond
• Ferris, Timothy
º Seeing in the dark: how backyard stargazers are probing deep space and guarding Earth from interplanetary peril
• Goldstein, Martin & Goldstein, Inge F.
º The refrigerator and the universe: understanding the laws of energy
• Gordin, Michael D.
º A well-ordered thing: Dmitrii Mendeleev and the shadow of the periodic table
• Gribbin, John
º The Fellowship: the Story of a Revolution
º The Scientists: a History of Science Told Through the Lives of its Greatest Inventors
• Sarton, George
º The Teaching of the History of Science 1918
• Seife, Charles
º Sun in a Bottle: The Strange History of Fusion and the Science of Wishful Thinking
º Zero: the Biography of a Dangerous Idea
• Shachtman, Tom
º Absolute Zero: And the Conquest of Cold
• Singh, Simon
º Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe
• Starr, Douglas
º The Killer of Little Shepherds: A True Crime Story and the Birth of Forensic Science
• Tucker, Holly
º Blood Work: a Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution
• Von Baeyer, Hans Christian
º The Fermi Solution Essays on Science
º Information: the New Language of Science
º Maxwell's Demon: why Warmth Disperses and Time Passes
º Rainbows, Snowflakes, and Quarks: Physics and the World Around Us
º Taming the Atom Use It!

the Emergence of the Visible Microworld
º Warmth Disperses and Time Passes: the History of Heat
• Walker, Gabrielle
º An Ocean of Air: Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere

HathiTrust Digital Library Use It!

History of Science
• History of science by Marie Boas (1958)
• A History of Science by Henry Smith Williams Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6, Vol. 7, Vol. 8, Vol. 9
• Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton Vol.1, Vol.2, pt.1, Vol.2, pt.2

MarciaBartusiak.com professor of science writing at the MIT
• Blog
• Books
º Thursday's Universe (1986)
º Through a Universe Darkly (1993) History of Atronomy & Cosmology centered upon dark matter
º Einstein's Unfinished Symphony (2000)
º Archives of the Universe (2004))
º The Day We Found the Universe (2009)

National Association of Science Writers

Project Gutenberg Public Domain
• Boyle, Robert
º Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664)
º The Sceptical Chymist
• Huygens, Christiaan
º Treatise on Light
• Pioneers of Science by Sir Oliver Lodge

Society for Technical Communication

Some Mathematical Works of the 17th & 18th Centuries Translated mainly from Latin into English, Ian Bruce
• Euler's Institutionum Calculi Integralis, Vols. 1, 2, 3
• Euler: Mechanica Vols. 1, 2
• Euler: Some Papers
• Huygens, Christian: Horologium Oscillatorium
• Taylor, Brook: Methodus Incrementorum Directa & Inversa

Wikipedia
º Category:Medical writing
º Category:Science writing organizations
• American Medical Writers Association
• Council of Science Editors
• European Association of Science Editors
• European Medical Writers Association
• History of science (Further reading)
• International Union for Science Communicators
• National Association of Science Writers
• Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

^ SCIHIST

BRAIN & NEUROSCIENCE
also see.. §BRAIN§
Milestones in Neuroscience Research Timeline: Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. - Neuroscience for Kids

Neuroscience Timeline: Brains on the Web: Comparative Neuroanatomy and Intelligence
• Intelligence & Brain Size, Glossary of Terms, Links

Wikipedia: History of neuroscience
º Category:History of neuroscience
º Category:Neuroscience
• Albert Einstein's brain
• Paul Broca (1824-1880)
º Broca's area linked to speech production
• Hebb, Donald O. (1904-1985)
º Hebbian theory associative learning, simultaneous cell activation increases synaptic strength
• History of neuroscience
• Limbic system
• Lobotomy
• MacLean, Paul D. (1913-2007) theory of mind/brain evolution & mental processing
º Limbic system visceral brain
º Triune brain three subsystem brain
• Phineas Gage
• Wernicke, Carl (1848-1905)
º Wernicke's area

^ SCIHIST

BREWING
also see.. §BREWING§, Cooking

Levity.com: The Alchemy web site
• John French - The Art of Distillation 1651

Eggnog! (ads!) History of eggnog, Links, Recipes, Safety
TheKeep.org: Ancient Egyptian Alcohol
How Much Did they Drink? alcohol consumption of in pre-industrial Europe.
Medieval/Renaissance Brewing Homepage articles, guilds, recipes, sources

Origins and Ancient History of Wine from U Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology, Links
• Egypt, Mesopotamia, Neolithic
• Glossary
• Laboratory
• Map

PasteurBrewing.com
• Works of Louis Pasteur
º Experiments and New Views on the Nature of Fermentations
º Physiological Theory of Fermentation, 1879
º Studies on Fermentation ( pdf )

SCA Brew Historical Brewing Page (Society for Creative Anachronism)
• Historical Brewing Library

Wikipedia
º Category:History of food and drink
º Category:History of alcoholic beverages
º Category:History of wine
• Distillation#History
• History of alcoholic beverages
• History of beer
• History of wine
• History of the wine press
• Mead#History
• Phoenicians and wine
• Stout#History

^ SCIHIST

CARTOGRAPHY
also see.. §Cartography§

The History of Cartography in a Nutshell, Vladimiro Valerio

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
• The history of cartography

Wikipedia
º Category:Graphical projections
• Anamorphosis
• Graphical projection
• History of cartography
• Map
• Map projection
• Mercator, Gerardus

^ SCIHIST

CHEMISTRY & ALCHEMY
also see.. §Batteries§, §CHEMISTRY§, Cooking, Islam, §Religions & Spirituality§, Thermodynamics

The 1827 Christmas Lectures of Michael Faraday: woodrow.org
From Alchemy to Chemistry: Five Hundred Years of Rare and Interesting Books

The Alchemy web site on Levity.com over 38 MB ofinformation
• John French - The Art of Distillation

American Chemical Society (ACS) Division of History of Chemistry (Hist)

Archive.org: Search Chemistry
• An Elementary Chemistry George Rantoul White, 1894
• Historical Introduction to Chemistry T. (Thomas) Martin Lowry, 1915
• A History of Chemistry Ernest von Meyer and George Mcgowan, 1906
• A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times James Campbell Brown, 1920, 2d ed.
• Makers Of Chemistry John Eric Holmyard, 1931
• Search: Marcellin Berthelot

ASAPWeb - Home Page Australian Science Archives Project

BBC Radio
• Caloric
• Chemistry
• Oxygen Melvyn Bragg discusses the discovery of Oxygen by Priestley and Lavoisier: Show
• Priestley, Joseph

The Robert Boyle Project (1627-91) articles, bibliography, Links
A Brief History of Chemistry Black Magic - Prehistory to Christian Era
A Brief History of History: ThinkQuest.org
A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table: The Periodic Table - Alternate Designs Links: Chemistry Dept, Western Oregon U
Chem-Hist Mailing-List send an E-Mail with the text "subscribe chem-hist"
The Chemical Heritage Foundation established by ACS & AIChE

ChemSoc.org Use It!

RSC's chemical science network
• Alchemical Symbols
• The Development of the Periodic Table
• TimeLine

ChemTeam History of Chemistry

Classic Chemistry Use It!

with Links, compiled by Carmen Giunta, Le Moyne College Dept Chemistry
• Elements and Atoms: Case Studies in the Development of Chemistry
• Elements and Atoms: Elements
º Chapter 1 Four Elements: Aristotle
º Chapter 2 Robert Boyle, a Sceptical Chymist
º Chapter 3 Lavoisier's Elements of Chemistry
º Chapter 4 Oxygen, an Element in Air: Joseph Priestley
º Chapter 5 Fire and Earth: Lavoisier
º Chapter 6 Water is not an element: Lavoisier
• Elements and Atoms: Atoms
º Chapter 7 Atoms of Definite Weight: Dalton
º Chapter 8 Combination by Volume: Gay-Lussac
º Chapter 9 Equal Numbers in Equal Volumes: Avogadro
º Chapter 10 Prime Matter: Prout
• Elements and Atoms: Classification of Elements
º Chapter 11 An Unsystematic Foreshadowing: J. A. R. Newlands
º Chapter 12 Mendeleev's First Periodic Table
º Chapter 13 Mendeleev's later reflections
º Chapter 14 Argon, a new element
º Chapter 15 Expanding the Periodic System: Ramsay
• Elements and Atoms: Indivisible no Longer
º Chapter 16 Discovery of the Electron: J. J. Thomson
º Chapter 17 Discovery of Radioactivity: Becquerel
º Chapter 18 Early Study of Radioactivity: Marie Curie
º Chapter 19 What is the Alpha Particle? Rutherford
º Chapter 20 Isotopes: Soddy
• Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms
• Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
º Joseph Black (1728-1799) Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quick-Lime, and some other Alkaline Substance

Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry

Corrosion-doctors.org
• History of Electrochemistry
º Eighteenth Century
• Who's Who in Electrochemistry

Dmitriy Mendeleev Online
A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature (1787): Classic Chemistry
Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms Jon Eklund, Smithsonian Institute Press
Dr Berger's History of Chemistry Bookmarks
FECS Millennium Project 100 European Chemists - Chemical Revolution to 21st Century
Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms: Classic Chemistry

Google Books
• Armitage, Francis Paul
º A History of Chemistry (1906)
• Bauer, Hugo
º A History of Chemistry (1907)
• Cavendish, Henry
º Experiments on Air (1893)
• Cobb, Cathy
º Creations of fire: chemistry's lively history from alchemy to the atomic age (2009)
º Magick, mayhem, and mavericks: the spirited history of physical chemistry (2002)
• Dalton, John
º The Expansion of Gases by Heat: Memoirs, with Gay-Lussac, Regnault, Chappuis
º Foundations of the Atomic Theory papers, extracts, with Wollaston, Thomas Thomson
º Foundations of the Molecular Theory with Avogadro, Gay-Lussac
º A New System of Chemical Philosophy
• Ferguson, John
º On the First Edition of the Chemical Writings of Demooritus and Synesius (1894)
º Recent Inquiries Into the Early History of Chemistry (1879)
• Heron, Robert
º Elements of Natural History and Chemistry (1790) Vol.1
• Hilditch, Thomas Percy
º A Concise History of Chemistry (1911)
• Charles William King
º The Natural History of Gems or Decorative Stones
• Leicester, Henry M. & Klickstein, Herbert S.
º A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900 (1952)
• Moore, Forris Jewett
º A History of Chemistry (1918)
• Muir, Matthew Moncrieff Pattison
º The Alchemical Essence and the Chemical Element (1894)
º The Chemistry of Fire (1893)
º The Elements of Chemistry Use It!

(1904)
º Heroes of science: Chemists (1883)
º A History of Chemical Theories and Laws (1907)
º The Story of the Chemical Elements (1897)
º The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry (1902)
º The Story of the Wanderings of Atoms, Especially Those of Carbon (1899)
º Watts' Dictionary of Chemistry with Henry Watts (1906)
• Paracelsus
º The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings...
• Priestley, Joseph
º The Discovery of Oxygen, part 1: Experiments (1894) prt.2 is under Scheele
º The Discovery of Oxygen, part 1: Experiments (1901) prt.2 is under Scheele
Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air:
º Vol.1 (1790)
º Vol.2 (1775)
º Vol.2 (1776)
º Vol.2 (1776)
º Vol.2 (1790)
º Vol.3 (1790)
º Vol.3 (1889)
• Ray, Prafulla Chandra
º History of Hindu Chemistry: From the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. (1903)
• Scheele, Carl Wilhem
º Chemical Observations and Experiments on Air and Fire (1780)
º The Discovery of Oxygen, part 2: Experiments (1906) prt.1 is under Priestley
• Smith, Edgar Fahs
º Chemistry in America: Chapters from the History of the Science in the United States (1914)
• Thomson, Thomas
º History of Chemistry (1830) Vols. 1-2
• Thorpe, Sir Thomas Edward
º History of Chemistry: From 1850 to 1910 (1910)
• Venable, Francis Preston
º History of Chemistry (1922)
º A Short History of Chemistry (1909)
• von Meyer, Ernst
º A History of Chemistry from Earliest Times to the Present Day (1891)
• Walker, Gabrielle
º An Ocean of Air: Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere (2008)

Google Search
• history of Avogadro's number site:*.edu

Google Books
• Search Author (English): Antoine Lavoisier
º Elements of Chemistry Antoine Lavoisier (tr. R. Kerr) 1802
º Essays on the effects produced by various processes on atmospheric air Antoine Lavoisier, 1783
• The great chemists ($) Eric John Holmyard, 1928
• Makers of Chemistry ($) Eric John Holmyard, 1931

Historical Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Historical Introduction to Chemistry Alchemy, Greek, Roman, Medieval, Transition, Lavoisier: Virtual U North
Historical online chemistry textbooks by Bill Palmer
The History of Chemistry Subject Index: Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute

History of Chemistry Links: Chemistry Teaching Resources Use It!

Umeå U

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Links
• Digital Archive
• Exhibits and Learning
• Library and Archives
º Panopticon Lavoisier virtual museum of the collections of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
• Online Resources

An International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry - Hyle Related Links & Collected Bibliography
The Liebig - Museum in Giesse: Justus Liebig U

MasteryOfMatter.com Chemistry Home Schooling with history of science emphasis, About William P. Green, Ph.D.

Mentormob.com Creative Commons License
• The Mastery of Matter Use It!

The History, Logic and Practice of Chemistry by William P. Green, Ph.D., Creative Commons 3.0 License

Nobel e-Museum - Chemistry

Project Gutenberg
• Robert Boyle: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664), The Sceptical Chymist,

A Quick Look at the History of the Periodic Table PeriodicTable.com

Robert Boyle's Sceptical chymist (1661) Use It!

original text photocopies online

Royal Society of Chemistry Historical Group: some Links

Wikipedia (people)
º List of chemists
• Arrhenius, Svante (1859-1927) one of physical chemistry founders
º Arrhenius equation temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction
• Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)
º Avogadro constant Avogadro's Number
º Avogadro's law Equal volumes of ideal (perfect) gases, at the same temperature & pressure, contain the same number of molecules V/n=k
• Black, Joseph (1728-1799) discovered carbon dioxide; latent heat, specific heat
• Bohr, Niels (1885-1962) foundational contributions to atomic structure & quantum mechanics
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
º Boyle's law
º The Sceptical Chymist
• Bunsen, Robert electrolytic production of pure metals, spectral analysis
º Bunsen burner
• Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810)
º elemental nature of Hydrogen, Water from Oxygen & Hydrogen
º air consists of 1 part of dephlogisticated air (oxygen), mixed with 4 parts phlogisticated (nitrogen)
• Charles, Jacques (1746-1823)
• Crookes, William
º Crookes radiometer
º Crookes tube
º Vacuum tube
• Dalton, John (1766-1844) pioneering work in the atomic theory, table of relative atomic weights
º Dalton's law of partial pressures
• Davy, Humphry (1778-1829) discoveries of several alkali & alkaline earth metals & elemental nature of chlorine & iodine
• Dewar, James (1842-1923) invention of the Dewar flask (Thermos or vacuum flask), liquification of gases
• Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850)
º Gay-Lussac's law Law of combining volumes & Pressure-temperature law
• Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) theoretical foundations for chemical thermodynamics & physical chemistry
º first to apply the 2nd law to the relation between chemical, electrical, thermal energy & work, invented vector analysis
• Hales, Stephen (1677-1761)
• Henry, William (chemist) (1775-1836) invented process for magnesia alba
º Henry's law at constant temperature, the gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
º Pneumatic trough
• Kirchhoff, Gustav with Bunsen foundations of Spectroscopy
• Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)
• Lewis, Gilbert N. (1875-1946) discovery of the covalent bond, purification of heavy water,
º Lewis acids and bases
º Lewis structure (Lewis-dot diagrams)
• Janssen, Pierre (1824-1907) joint discovery of Helium
• Mendeleev, Dmitri (1834-1907) first periodic table of elements, predicted properties of unknown elements germanium, gallium & scandium
• Moseley, Henry (1887-1915) justification from physical laws of the atomic number
º Moseley's law
• Newlands, John Alexander Reina (1837-1898) law of octaves, early Periodic Table
• Paracelsus (1493-1541)
• Pauling, Linus (1901-1994)the nature of chemical bonds
º Orbital hybridisation
• Perkin, William Henry (1838-1907) discovered 1st aniline dye while attempting to synthesize qauinie
º Mauveine
º Quinine#History
• Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) discovery of oxygen, invention of soda water, defended phlogiston theory
• Rutherford, Daniel (1749-1819) isolation of nitrogen
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
º Geiger-Marsden experiment (Rutherford gold foil experiment)
º Rutherford model of the atom, electrons circling like planets around a high central charge in a very small nucleus
º Rutherford scattering
• Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1742-1786) discovered oxygen; identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium & chlorine
• Thomson, J. J.
º Plum pudding model of the atom
• von Liebig, Justus (1803-1873)
º invention of nitrogen-based fertilizer & a process for silvering mirrors
º Liebig condenser

Wikipedia
º Category:Alchemy
º Category:Alchemical tools
º Category:Chemical bonding
º Category:Chemical elements
º Category:Discoverers of chemical elements
º Category:Electrochemistry
º Category:Electrodes
º Category:History of chemistry
º Category:History of physics
º Category:History of science by discipline
º Category:Periodic table
º Category:Quantum chemistry
º History of the battery
º History of chemistry
º History of electrochemistry
º History of glass
º History of manufactured gas
º History of materials science
º History of molecular biology
º History of molecular theory
º History of optics
º History of the periodic table
º History of quantum field theory
º History of quantum mechanics
º History of science
º Portal:Chemistry
º Timeline of chemical elements discoveries
º Timeline of hydrogen technologies
• Alchemy
º Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
º Elemental
º History of alchemy
º List of alchemists
º Outline of Alchemy
º Philosopher's Stone
• Alembic early retort or still
• Aniline#History
• Anode
• Atom
º Atomic mass
º Atomic mass unit unified atomic mass unit (u), dalton (Da), universal mass unit (u)
º Atomic nucleus
º Electron
º Neutron
º Proton
• Calorimetry
º Calorimeter
• Cathode
• Chemical element
º Aether (classical element)
º Classical element
• Chemical compounds
º Alum KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O or AM(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, where A is monvalent cation as K or Al and M is trivalent metal ion as Al or Cr
º Galena lead sulfide, a natural mineral
º Hematite mineral form of iron(III)oxide, Fe₂O₃ or Red ochre
º Litharge PbO
º Minium Pb₃O₄ or 2 PbO·PbO₂, Lead(II,IV) oxide
º Natron mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate Na₂CO₃·10H₂O & sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) NaHCO₃
º Niter or Saltpetre KNO₃
º Ochre Yellow ochre Fe₂O₃.H₂O; Red ochre Fe₂O₃ anhydrate of yellow ochre
º Orpiment As₂S₃
º Realgar α-As₄S₄
º Salammoniac NH₄Cl rare mineral composed of ammonium chloride
º Soda Ash Na₂CO₃, sodum carbonate extracted from the ashes of many plants
º Verdigris copper acetate Cu(CH₃CO₂)₂, copper carbonate CuCO₃, or tribasic copper chloride Cu₂(OH)₃Cl
• Condenser (laboratory)
• Corrosion
• Electrochemistry
• Electrolysis
• Electrolyte
• Electrolytic cell
• Electron
• Electrode
• Eudiometer
• Galvanic cell
• Half cell
• Ideal gas law
• Matrass
• Mauveine#History
• Medicine
º Astringent
º Goulard's Extract
• Metallurgy
º Cupellation high temperature separation of precious metals from base metals, which oxidise or react forming slags or compounds
• Periodic table
• Philosophy of chemistry
• Phlogiston theory
• Pneumatic chemistry
º Beehive shelf
º Pneumatic trough
• Quinine#History
• Radical (chemistry)
• Retort
• Salt bridge
• Still
º Pot still
• Thermochemistry
• Unpaired electron

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-History Use It!

History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
º Ctesibius and Hero: Magicians of Alexandria
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
º Two Pseudo-Sciences--Alchemy and Astrology
º Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
º Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences
º The Phlogiston Theory in Chemistry
º The Beginnings of Modern Chemistry
º Joseph Black
º Henry Cavendish
º Joseph Priestley
º Karl Wilhelm Scheele
º Lavoisier and the Foundation of Modern Chemistry
º Chemistry Since the Time of Dalton
º Humphry Davy and Electro-Chemistry
º Organic Chemistry and the Idea of the Molecule
º Chemical Affinity
º Periodicity of Atomic Weights
º New Weapons--Spectroscope and Camera
º The Chemical Theory of Digestion The Chemical Theory of Digestion
º The Function of Respiration
º Animal Chemistry
º Liebig on Animal Heat

YouTube.com
• Search: “history of chemistry”

^ SCIHIST

CHINA

Google Books: Science and civilisation in China Use It!

by Joseph Needham
• General Conclusions and Reflections Vol 7 (02), 2004
• History of scientific thought Vol 2, 1956
• Introductory Orientations Vol 1, 1954
• Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth Vol 3, 1959

Needham Research Institute
• Joseph Needham 1900-1995
• Science and Civilisation in China Series

Publications By Don Wagner, U Copenhagen

Wikipedia
º Category:Chinese astronomy
º Category:Chinese inventions
º Category:Chinese mathematics
º Category:Science and technology in China
º List of Chinese inventions
º Timeline of Chinese astronomy
• History of science and technology in China
• Joseph Needham
º Science and Civilisation in China
• Papermaking
• South Pointing Chariot

^ SCIHIST

CLOCKS & TIME
also see.. §PHYSICS (Relativity)§, §TIME§
Bells, Bellfounders and Towerclocks historical - Netherlands & Germany, Jacob Pompstra (@tripod.et.nl)
Clockworks history, from sundials to the atomic second from Britannica.com @time.gov

ElginWatches.org
• History
• Technical

History of Frequency Control: Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics Frequency Control
HOROLOGY - The Index

National Association of Watch & Clock Collectors, Inc. -
• Library & Research, Museum, School of Horology, Search

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST.gov), Physics Laboratory
• A Walk Through Time the evolution of time measurement through the ages

A Walk Through Time history of timekeeping: General Interest, NIST Physics, US NIST

Wikipedia
º Category:History of technology
º Category:Technology timelines
º Timeline of time measurement technology
• Arrow of time
• History of calendars
• History of timekeeping devices
• Poincare recurrence theorem certain systems return close the initial state after a sufficiently long time
• Time in physics

^ SCIHIST

COMMUNICATIONS

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

History of Telegraphy goldmine of information on early telegraphy & answers questions
History of Telegraphy (www.cris.com)
History of Telegraphy (fohnix.metronet.com)
History of Sound Recording and Broadcasting
Hobb's Internet Timeline search 1950's to Present in decades
The Invention of the Radio from QSL.net, ZL3MA's Site
Motorola Historical Timeline
The National Inventors Hall of Fame see The Inventors Page
Smithsonian Institution, Caring for Antique Communication Devices
Technology History from Tectrix Fitness Equipment

^ SCIHIST

COMPUTERS
also see.. §HISTORY§, Internet, Web, §MATHEMATICS§

Alan Turing & the Alan Turing Home Page by Andrew Hodges
• on-line biography 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, oration

BYTE Magazine
Calculating Machines

Computer History See It!

Smithsonian Institute

Computer History Museum, Search ( Artifacts )
• Document Archive: Index, Subject Categories
• Exhibits
º A History of the Internet: 1962-1992
º Microprocessor Evolution: 1971-1996
• Timeline

ComputerHistory.org
• Fellow Awards

Computer-refuge.org
• Neon Lamp Logic (zip file)

Computers: History and Development Jones Multimedia Encyclopedia

Excellence in Computing: Ken North - significant contributions to computing

Fourmilab Switzerland from John Walker, founder of Autodesk, Inc. ( Sitemap ) History and Nostalgia
• The Analytical Engine The First Computer of Charles Babbage

Google Books
• The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer, by Jane Smiley

Historical Computer Society (HCS)

History of Computing See It!

Virginia Tech

History of Computing-Mark I
The History and Making of Semiconductor Memory Chips
History: Quest for a Universal Machine: York U, Introduction to Computer Technology
History of Silicon valley
The Machine That Changed the World

Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley, history of the Macintosh computer
• from Stanford U, Libraries & Information Resources

Mapletech Productions LLC
• A General History and Definition of Finite State Machines

John McCarthy Computer Theory & History
Memories are Made of This (Computer Memory Histroy)
The MetaCenter (NSF supported), National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Michelle's Mind, History of Computing
• Alan Turing

The National Inventors Hall of Fame see The Inventors Page
NSF SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database
Obsolete Computer Museum
The Online Virtual Computer History Museum
Origin of a Browser: U Buffalo's early history of Netscape
Past Notable Women of Computing & Mathematics from TAP: Ada
Perspectives of the Smithsonian: Smithsonian Computer History some video clips/interviews
Timeline of Microcomputers
TRIUMPH OF THE NERDS from "Machine that changed the World"
Univ of Virginia Comp Science Museum
The Virtual Altair Museum

Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC), Links (Galleries)
• Brief History of Algebra and Computing: An Eclectic Oxonian View by Jonathan P. Bowen
• Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

John von Neumann and von Neumann Architecture for Computers (1945) by Barney J. Cabrera

Wikipedia
• Algorithm
• Computability
• Computer
• Computer science
• Computing Machinery and Intelligence
• Finite-state machine
• Halting problem
• History of computing
• History of computing hardware
• List of books on the history of computing
•
• List of pioneers in computer science
• Mathematical logic
• Theory of computation
• Timeline of artificial intelligence
• Timeline of computing
• Timeline of programming languages
• Turing machine

The Women of the ENIAC

^ SCIHIST

UNITS & CONSTANTS

Brief history of the SI & Historical context of the SI base units: Background on the SI
•from.. NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty

^ SCIHIST

DENTISTRY
also see.. §Dentistry§, Medicine,

echo exploring & collecting history online - science, technology & industry: The History of Dentistry
• from George Mason U

The Evolution of Dentistry: We Have Come A Long Way, Andrew Dunlevy
• A Dental Renaissance
• Medieval Dentistry: Tooth Pull and a Hair Cut
• Practicing Dentistry Like An Egyptian

Google Search
• history of dentistry site:*.edu

NPR.org
• The Sounds That Once Made Patients Wince (Audio)

U Michigan, School of Dentistry: Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry
• History of Dentistry Resources Links

Virginia Commonwealth U, Tompkins-McCaw Library for the Health Sciences
• History of Dentistry Resource Guide

^ SCIHIST

EDUCATION
Boston U: Center for Philosophy and History of Science, About
• John Stachel Director, Center for Einstein Studies

Galileo and Einstein, Michael Fowler, U Virginia, Lecture List

Google Search
• history of science graduate

Harvard U, Dept of the History of Science, Courses ( alt ), Library, SiteMap
• Graduate Admissions, History of Science at the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
• Undergraduate Program of Study
• Undergraduate Journal in the History of Science

History of Science Society (HSS) & their official publication: ISIS
• Graduate Programs in History of Science and Related Studies

Johns Hopkins U, History of Science, Medicine, and Technology program
• Department of History of Science and Technology
º Graduate Program, Course Descriptions
º Undergraduate Program
• History of Medicine at the School of Medicine

Kerry V. Magruder
• History of Science Online

Teaching the History of Science: HSS COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

U Cambridge, Dept History & Philosophy of Science
• Graduate studies
• Undergraduate studies
• Museum at the Cavendish Laboratory
• Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Links
º Exploring Whipple Museum Collections

U Notre Dame, Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values, History and Philosophy of Science Program
• HPS Doctoral Program
• HPS Masters Program
• HPS Summer Graduate Program for Secondary School Teachers

U Oklahoma, Dept of the History of Science, Contact
• Graduate Program Information Book 2008
• Graduate Program Handbook
• History of Science Undergrads
• Image Galleries

U Pittsburgh: Department of History and Philosophy of Science
• Graduate Program
• Undergraduate Program

U Florida, Dept of History
• History of Science Technology & Medicine, Professor Robert A. Hatch
º graduate program in the history of science

US Graduate Programs in History of Science: U Washington Academic HyperLinks
World History of Science Online free resource for scholars worldwide
• List of Subjects

^ SCIHIST

ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETISM & LIGHT
also see.. §Battery§, §Electromagnetism§, Electronics, §Electrostatics§, §Magnetism§, Maxwell, James Clerk, Optics, Radio, Vacuum Tube

Alessandro Volta and the Electric Battery Use It!

, by Bern Dibner; online book
• from MIT, Dibner Institute, Burndy Library

Brigham Young U, Ross Spencer, Physics 442, History timeliine
• "A Ridiculously Brief History of Electricity and Magnetism"
• mostly from E. T. Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity...

Corrosion-doctors.org
• History of Electrochemistry
º Eighteenth Century
• Who's Who in Electrochemistry

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Electromagnetic Theory History Links

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler
• Overview and Lecture Index:
• Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
º Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
• Using History to Teach Science

Georgia State U, Dept Physics & Astronomy, HyperPhysics
• Maxwell's Equations

Google Books
• Benjamin, Park
º The Age of Electricity: from Amber-soul to Telephone (1889)
º The Intellectual Rise in Electricity: a History (1895)
• Cavendish, Sir Henry
º The Electrical Researches 1879 ed. James Clerk Maxwell
• Mahon, Basil
º The Man Who Changed Everything: The Life of James Clerk Maxwell
• Priestley,Joseph
º A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity (1769)
º The History and Present State of Electricity: with Original Experiments, 1769; 1775
• Schiffer, Michael Brian
º Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment

Google search: maxwell, electromagnetic theory

Hans-Peter's Mathematick Technick Algorithmick Linguistick Omnium Gatherum
• History of Electrostatic Generators

HyperJeff, SiteMap, Histories chronologies by subject
• Sketches of a History of Classical Electromagnetism time line, Links

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Museum Catalogue, Virtual Visit
• Birth of electricity and electrostatics
• Electrical machine
• Room XIV. Electrical instruments

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural Philosophy Use It!

• Electrical Measurements
• Electricity
• Electric Motors

Leiden jar @ U Leiden Intituut Lorentz

Magnet Lab: Electricity & Magnetism Links, Pioneers, Timeline
• Georg Ohm

Makezine.com
• What a capacitor is and how to make one Video

Marco Learning Systems
• Applying the history of electricity in the classroom: a reconstruction of the concept of Potential by Dr John Roche

Medieval Technology Pages, Subject Index: from Paul J. Gans, New York U
• Magnets

Molecular Expressions: Pioneers in the Optical Sciences Use It!

• Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
• Electrostatic Generator simulation
• Leyden Jar simulation
• Timeline of Electricity and Magnetism:
º 1750-1774, 1775-1799
º 1800-1819, 1820-1829, 1830-1839, 1840-1849, 1850-1869, 1870-1879, 1880-1889, 1890-1899
º 1900-1909, 1910-1929, 1930-1939, 1940-1959, 1960-1979, 1980-2003
• Van de Graaff Generator simulation
• Voltaic Pile

R. Victor Jones, Professor of Applied Physics, Harvard U, Engineering & Applied Sciences
•A Chronology of Communication Related Events: Part 1: 4004 BCE-1899 AD, Part 2: 1900 to present

TeslaUniverse.com, About, Chat, Forums, SiteMap
• Tesla Coil Builders Association (TCBA)
• Nikola Tesla: Articles, Quotes, Patents, Photos, Timeline

U Rochester, Dept. Elect & Computer Eng, Thomas B. Jones
• Electrostatics Demonstrations
º Electrophorus and Accessories

Wikipedia
º Category:Electrical breakdown
º Category:Electricity
º Category:Electrochemistry
º Category:History of physics
º Category:History of technology
º Category:Physics timelines
º History of the battery
º History of electric power transmission
º History of electrochemistry
º History of electromagnetism
º Timeline of electromagnetism
º Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics
º Timeline of lighting technology
º Timeline of microscope technology
º Timeline of photography technology
• Amber
• Ampère, André-Marie (1775-1836)
º carrying current parallel wires attract & repel
º Ampère's circuital law
• Anode
• Atom
º Atomic mass
º Atomic mass unit unified atomic mass unit (u), dalton (Da), universal mass unit (u)
º Atomic nucleus
º Electron
º Neutron
º Proton
• Battery (electricity)
º History of the battery
º Trough battery
º Voltaic pile
• Bennet, Abraham (1749-1799)
º invented gold-leaf electroscope & improved the magnetometer
• Biot-Savart law
• Callan, Nicholas (1799-1864) invented the induction coil
• Capacitor (History)
• Cathode
• Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810)
• Compass (History)
• Contact electrification theory, replaced by electrochemical electron exchange
• Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de (1736-1806)
º Coulomb's law 1783
• Corrosion
• Cottrell, Frederick Gardner (1877-1948)
º invented the electrostatic precipitator
• Cruickshank, William (chemist)(-1811)
º Trough battery
• Dielectric & Polarization
• Dipole
• du Fay, Charles Francois de Cisternay (1698-1739)
• Electric charge
º Charge conservation
• Electric field
• Electric potential
• Electrical conductor
• Electric current
• Electrical impedance
• Electrical resistance
• Electrical telegraph
• Electrochemistry
• Electrode
• Electrolyte
• Electrometer
• Electron
• Electronegativity
• Electronic test equipment
º Ammeter
º Electrometer measures electric charge or potential differenc
º EMF meter
º Frequency counter
º Ohmmeter
º Oscilloscope
º Test probe
º Voltmeter
• Electrophorus
• Electroscope
• Electrostatic generator, Electrostatic induction, Triboelectric effect
• Electrostatic precipitator
• Electrostatic induction
• Elementary charge
• Faraday, Michael (1791-1867) electric field, lines of force
º Faraday cage
º Faraday's law of induction 1831
• Fleming, John Ambrose (1849-1945)
• Foucault, L%C3%A9on (1819-1868) discovered eddy (Foucault) currents
• Franklin, Benjamin single fluid electricity theory, principle of charge conservation, lightning is electrical, lightning rod
• Galvanometer
• Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
º Gauss's law for magnetism
• Gilbert, William (1544-1603) invented the electroscope (first electrical measuring instrument)
º De Magnete
• Gray, Stephen (scientist) (1666-1736) discovered that the “electric virtue” would carry over distance
• Ground (electricity) (History)
• Hauksbee, Francis (scientist) (1666-1713)
• History of the battery
• Hauksbee, Francis (scientist) (1666-1713)
• Henry, Joseph (1797-1878)
• Incandescent light bulb (History)
• Inductance
• Induction coil or spark coil (History)
• Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749-1827)
• Leyden jar the original capacitor
• Lightning
º Ball lightning
º Lightning protection system
º Lightning rod
• Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879) classical electromagnetic theory
º File:On Physical Lines of Force.pdf
º Maxwell's equations
• Morse, Samuel (1791-1872)
• Oersted, Hans Christian (1777-1851) electromagnetism discovery
• Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase (1785-1845)
º Peltier effect, Thermoelectric effect
• Poisson, Simeon Denis (1781-1840)
• Polarization (see Dielectric)
º Polarization density
• Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) conductivity of charcoal
º The History and Present State of Electricity, 1767
• Proton
• Resistance thermometer (RTD)
• Ritchie, Edward Samuel (1814–1895) improved induction coil
• Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel (1803-1877)
º commercialised the induction coil (Ruhmkorff coil)
• Seebeck, Thomas Johann (1770-1831) discovered the thermoelectric effect
• St. Elmo's fire
• Static electricity
• Superconductivity
• Tesla, Nikola (1856-1943)
º List of Tesla patents
• Thermistor
• Thermocouple
• Thermoelectric effect
• Thermoelectricity
• Thermogenerator
• Thermopile
• Triboelectric effect & Series
• Triboluminescence
• Van de Graaff, Robert J. (1901-1967)
º Van de Graaff generator 1929
• van Musschenbroek, Pieter independently invented the Leyden jar 1746
• Volta, Alessandro (1745-1827) developed the first electric cell, 1800
º Volta's Law of capacitance
• von Kleist, Ewald Georg (1700-1748) independently invented the Leyden jar 1744
• von Guericke, Otto (1602-1686)
• William Watson (scientist) (1715-1787)
º increased capacity of Leyden jar by coating inside and out with lead foil, electrical ether single fluid theory independent of Franklin
º invented the first electrostatic generator & vacuum pump
• Wilcke, Johan (1732-1796) invented a first version of the electrophorus
• Wimshurst, James (1832-1903)
º Wimshurst machine

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-History Use It!

History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
º Anaxagoras As Meteorologist
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
º William Gilbert and the Study of Magnetism
º Mariotte and Von Guericke
º Progress in Electricity from Gilbert and Von Guericke to Franklin
º The Experiments of Stephen Gray
º Experiments of Cisternay Dufay
º Dufay Discovers Vitreous and Resinous Electricity
º Ludolff's Experiment with the Electric Spark
º The Leyden Jar Discovered
º William Watson
º Benjamin Franklin
º Franklin's Theory of Electricity
º Franklin Invents the Lightning-Rod
º Franklin Proves That Lightning Is Electricity
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
º The Modern Development of Electricity and Magnetism
º Davy and Electric Light
º Electricity and Magnetism
º Faraday and Electro-Magnetic Induction
º Storage Batteries
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
º Humphry Davy and Electro-Chemistry

Wright Center for Innovative Science Education, Tufts U: Classroom Activities and resources
• Benjamin Franklin and Electrostatics Use It!

by Robert A. Morse
º The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin: screen format, print format

^ SCIHIST

ELECTRON
also see.. Electricity, §ELECTRONICS§, Vacuum Tube

Wikipedia
º Timeline of electromagnetism
• Atom
• Beta decay
• Cathode ray
• Cathode ray tube
• Conduction (heat)
• Electrical conduction
• Electrical conductor
• Electric charge
• Electricity
• Electrometer
• Electron
• Electron capture
• Electronegativity
• Electron microscope
• Electroscope
• Electrostatics
• Etymology of electricity
• Fermi gas
• Field electron emission
• Hydrogen
• Redox
• Scanning electron microscope
• Thermionic emission
• Thomson, J. J.
• Triboelectric effect & Series
• Vacuum
• Vacuum pump
• Vacuum tube

^ SCIHIST

ELECTRONICS
also see.. Electricity, Radio, Vacuum Tube

Wikipedia
º History of the transistor
• Bipolar junction transistor
• Cat's-whisker detector
• Diode
• Field-effect transistor (FET) unipolar transistors
• Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar
• Semiconductor
• Transistor

^ SCIHIST

ENGINEERING
also see.. §ENGINEERING§, Technology, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering

BridgePros Engineering, History & Construction of Bridges
ExplorePAhistory.com/ Pennsylvania history Making Steel

Google.com Engineering & Technology Directory @ Society: History

Great Achievements in Mechanical Engineering
• from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME International)

History of Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology

Henry Darcy and His Law from Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State U
• Biographical
• Darcy Memorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics
• Exposition Henry Darcy
• Groundwater and Darcy's Law
• History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation
• Pipe flow and the Pitot Tube

History of Fluid Mechanics, Mathematics, and Science : Virginia Tech
Library of Congress
• Engineering in History bibliography

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• Centuries of Civil Engineering

NSF SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database

Thomas J. Misa Use It!

History of Technology, Links Use It!

U Minnesota
• Bibliographies
º Automobile Engineering
º History Of Engineering
• Book Reviews
º Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago by Carol Willis
º The Papers of Thomas A. Edison volume I: The Making of an Inventor, February 1847-June 1873 Reese V. Jenkins, et al., eds.,
• Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present
• A Nation of Steel
• Urban Machinery: Inside Modern European Cities

Wikipedia (Engineers, Mathemeticians)
• Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832)
• Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (1789-1857)
• Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile (1799-1864)
• Clausius, Rudolf born Rudolf Gottlieb (1822-1888)

Wikipedia
• Category:History of engineering
• Category:History of technology
• Category:Technology timelines
• Caloric theory
• Galileo thermometer
• History of Conservation of energy
• History of materials science
• History of perpetual motion machines
• History of thermodynamics
• Phlogiston
• Timeline of electromagnetism
• Timeline of heat engine technology
• Timeline of thermodynamics
• Timeline of time measurement technology
• Timeline of steam power
• Women in engineering

^ SCIHIST

EVOLUTION
also see.. §BIOLOGY-Evolution§

Darwin, Charles Origin of the Species: Virginia Tech Online Books
Darwin-related Images
Donald Forsdyke's Commentaries on the History of Selected Evolutionary Concepts

EvolutionWiki
• Hitching, Francis

Lefalophodon: An Informal History of Evolutionary Biology 1800 - 1950 by John Alroy

Origin of Species Use It!

by Charles Darwin: Book Downloads
º British Library, Writings of Charles Darwin: HTML Editions - 1st (1859), 6th (1872)
º Project Gutenberg: Plain text Editions - 1st (1859), 6th (1872)
º U New South Wales, Embryology Download: ( PDF)

UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Use It!

• Evolution Wing Theory and History, Timeline of Evolutionary Thought with Bios

Wikipedia
º Category:History of evolutionary biology
º History of the creation-evolution controversy
º History of evolutionary thought
• Creationism
• Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Masters
º Darwin, Charles
º Fisher, R.A.'s Modern Synthesis
º Kimura, Motoo's Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution & Genetic Drift
º Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
º Crick, Francis & Watson, James's discovery of the structure of DNA
º Wallace, Alfred Russel
º Wiseman, Nicholas (1802-1865)
• Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-History Use It!

History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science [and Ancient Science], Vol. 1
º The Beginnings of Greek Science
º Empedocles
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
º Theories of Organic Evolution
º Erasmus Darwin
º Lamarck Versus Cuvier
º Tentative Advances
º Darwin and the Origin of Species
º New Champions
º The Origin of the Fittest

^ SCIHIST

FIELD, FIELD THEORY

Wikipedia
º Category:Fundamental physics concepts
º Category:History of physics
º Category:Interaction
º Category:Physics timelines
º History of electromagnetism
º Timeline of electromagnetism
º Timeline of luminiferous aether
• Action at a distance (physics)
• Electric field
• Electromagnetic field
• Field (physics)
• Light
• Magnetic field
• Quantum field theory
• Scalar field theory

^ SCIHIST

FIND IT HERE
DIRECTORIES-History of Science
dmoz Open Directory | ECHO (Virt Lib) | Google | Wikipedia | Yahoo
300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Mathematics, Science Writings and Natural History

Alexander Chislenko: Home (public page)
• Great Thinkers and Visionaries, Links

Beginner's Guide to Research in History of Science: Horus Publications, Ronald C. Tobey, U California
Centre for History of Science and Technology: U Libre de Bruxelles

Dibner Institute for the History if Science and Technology at MIT

Dictionary of the History of Ideas Use It!

Directory of Historians of Physics Stephen G. Brush and Martha E. Keyes, U Maryland
Earth/Matrix Science in Ancient Artwork articles: Charles W Johnson

ECHO Science and Technology Virtual Center Use It!

from George Mason U

Encyclopaedia Britannica biography list
Eureka Science & Technology Database: Demonstration Access
Galilean-library.org: History and Philosophy of Science

Google.com
• Science @ Society: History
• Engineering & Technology @ Society: History

George Peter Jelliss
• ( temp ): History of Ideas

Group of History and Theory of Science: State U Campinas Brazil Index, Publications, Database
The History of Mathematics on the World Wide Web David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine: IMSS & Polytechnic U
History of science: U Bonn Links
History of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources by Doug Stewart, extensive
History of Science, Technology and Medicine Biographical Dictionary: WWW Virtual Library
Horus Guide to the History of Science Randomn Quotations and text search
Internet Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham U, Internet History Sourcebooks Project
• Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolution
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution

Intute.ac.uk Use It!

best websites for study & research: Physical Sciences
• General sciences
º History of science

Dr. James F. Woodward, Cal State Fullerton
• Gravitation Overview
º The Origin of Inertia
• Killing time
• Mach's Principle
• (PDF) Propellantless propulsion, Joint propulsion conference 2001 abstract

Linda Hall Library: History of Science online Rare book library from Cultural Heritage Language Technologies

Net Advance of Physics Use It!

review articles and tutorials in an encyclopædic format
• Annotated Physics Encyclopedia
• History of Physics

The New Scientist's on-line Planet Earth
Nobel e-Museum - Chemistry, Medicine, Physics
OnLine Books: Virginia Tech
PSIgate Physical Science Information Gateway
Reading the History of Western Science A List of Good Places To Start, by A. Bowdoin Van Riper
The Science Engineering & Math Program Links: U Delaware
Science History Sites: American Institute of Physics
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
Science Technology & Society: Dublin City University
Science Textbooks and Historical Science Online by Bill Palmer
SJSU Virtual Museum: San Jose State U History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology
SolarNavigator.net renewable energy technology, boat design & marine history

TodayInSci.com (ads) Today in Science History, find short bios & descriptions by date of birth, death or event

U Denver, Dr James B. Calvert, Links & Misc
• Astronomy and Observation
• Engineering and Technology
º Railways: History, Signaling, Engineering
º the Telegraph
º Truss Bridge Design history and principles of rational truss bridge design
• Geology and Scenery
• Meteorology and Weather
• Oil, Economics and Statistics
• Optics and Visual Perception
• Physics, Mathematical Physics and Mathematics
• Waves, Acoustics and Vibration

Wikipedia
º Category:Ancient Greek science
º Category:Historians of science
º Category:Historical scientific instruments
º Category:History of Islamic science
º Category:History of science
º Category:History of science by discipline
º Category:Science experiments
º Category:History of scientific method
º Category:History of technology
º Category:Obsolete scientific theories
º Category:Religion and science
º Category:Roman science
º Category:Science in the Middle Ages
º Category:Science timelines
º Category:Scientific instrument makers
º Category:Scientific revolution
º List of experiments
º Lists of scientists
• History of biology
• History of chemistry
• History of electrochemistry
• History of electromagnetism
• History of energy
• History of genetics
• History of geophysics
• History of science, Portal:History of science
• History of science in Classical Antiquity
• History of science in the Renaissance
• History of science and technology
• History of scientific method, Timeline of the history of scientific method
• Natural philosophy
• Physics (Aristotle)
• Pre-Socratic philosophy
• Science in the Age of Enlightenment
• Science in Medieval Western Europe
• Science in the Middle Ages
• Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
• Scientific revolution
• Superseded scientific theories
• Women in science

World History of Science Online free resource for scholars worldwide
• List of Subjects

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-History Use It!

History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4

WWW Virtual Library, History of Science Technology and Medicine Australia

^ SCIHIST

FLIGHT / AVIATION
also see.. §Flight Museums§

A.J. Jackson Collection private aviation & photo archive, UK

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Evolution of Flight
• Click & Learn
• Gallery
• History of Flight active Timeline, Links

Aviation History Encyberpedia
Aviation History of Australia
Aviation: Pioneers/History WWW Library
Boeing History
Cyber Flight Deck Work in Progress...
FirstFlight Wright Brothers & Aerofoil History, UK
Helicopter's History Site
History of Aviation Links Canadian Coast Marketing
Igor I. Sikorsky Historical Archives Inc. Foundation, aviation careers of Igor Sikorsky
Luft '46 WWII German aircraft design
National Aviation Hall of Fame
Randy Wilson's Aviation History Page
Russian Aviation Museum

U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
• The Development of Naval Aviation

Wikipedia
º Category:Aerospace engineers
º Category:Aircraft designers\
º Category:Aircraft by propulsion
º Category:American aerospace engineers
º Category:Aviation
º Category:Aviation pioneers
º Category:Aviation timelines
º Category:History of aviation
º Category:Human-powered aircraft
º Category:Individual aircraft
º List of aerospace engineers
º List of aircraft
º Timeline of aviation
• Aerodynamics
• Aircraft
• AstroFlight Sunrise first aircraft to fly on solar power
• Beechcraft
º Beech, Olive Ann (1904-1993)
º Beech, Walter Herschel (1891-1950)
• Boeing, William (1881-1956)
º Boeing founded 1916
º Boeing Commercial Airplanes
º Boeing Defense, Space & Security
• Cayley, George (1773-1857) 1st aeronautical engineer to understand flight forces/principles; promoted fixed-wing & separate lift, propulsion & control systems
• Curtiss, Glenn (1878-1930) a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry
º Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
º Curtiss-Wright Corporation
• Douglas, Donald Wills, Sr. (1892-1981)
º Douglas Aircraft Company
º McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing
• Early flying machines
• Electric aircraft powered by fuel cells, solar cells, ultracapacitors, power beaming, or batteries
º Gossamer Penguin solar-power experimental aircraft by Paul MacCready's AeroVironment
• Glider (sailplane)
º Hang gliding
º Motor glider fixed-wing aircraft flown with or without engine power
º Paragliding
º AERSP 404H Pennsylvania State course: Flight Vehicle Design and Fabrication II
• Grumman, Leroy (1895-1982)
º Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation later Grumman Aerospace Corporation
• Hindenburg disaster
• Hughes, Howard (1905-1976)
º Hughes H-1 Racer
º Hughes H-4 Hercules
• Human-powered aircraft
º Bossi-Bonomi Pedaliante 1936 first fully human-powered flight
º Gossamer Albatross 1979 second Kremer prize
º Gossamer Condor 1977 Kremer prize
º PSU Zephyrus
• Kremer prize monetary awards for human-powered flight
• Langley, Samuel Pierpont (1834-1906)
• Loughead (Lockheed), Allan Haines (1889-1969) founded Lockheed Corporation with brother, Malcolm
º Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company founded 1912 later became Lockheed Corporation
º Lockheed Corporation founded 1912
• Lockheed Martin formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995
• Lockheed Martin Aeronautics
• MacCready, Paul (1925-2007)
º AeroVironment
• Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)
º Mach number
• Martin, Glenn L. (1886-1955)
º Glenn L. Martin Company founded 1912
º Martin Marietta
• McDonnel, James Smith (1899-1980)
º McDonnell Aircraft
º McDonnell Douglas
• Mitsubishi
º Mitsubishi A5M
º Mitsubishi A6M Zero
• Model aircraft
• Northrop, Jack (1895-1981)
º Northrop Corporation
º Northrop Grumman formed by the 1994 purchase of Grumman
• Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912)
º Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations
º Reynolds number
• Piccard, Don ((1926)
º Piccard Balloons
• Piper Aircraft 1927-2009
• Solar Flight see Electric aircraft
• Speed to fly soaring between sources of lift as thermals, ridge lift, wave; attributed to Paul MacCready
• Speed of sound
º Hypersonic
º Sound barrier
º Supersonic
• da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519)
• Wright brothers
• Zeppelin, Ferdinand von
º Zeppelin

WWW.AVIATION.RU Russian aviation, first flights to modern

^ SCIHIST

FLUIDS

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
• Evangelista Torricelli

Wikipediai
• Boyle, Robert 1627-1691
• Hooke, Robert 1635-1703
• Pascal, Blaise 1623-1662
• Torricelli, Evangelista 1608-1647
• Vacuum: Historical interpretation
• Vacuum pump

^ SCIHIST

FRANCE

Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (French) digital early texts

^ SCIHIST

FARADAY, MICHAEL (1791-1867)

Project Gutenberg
• Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall

^ SCIHIST

FOOD
also see.. Agriculture, Brewing, Chemistry, §COOKING§

Wikipedia
º Category:Historical foods
º Category:History of alcoholic beverages
º Category:History of food and drink
º Category:History of tea
º Timeline of food
• Cooking#History
• Food history
• History of bread
• History of cheese
• History of chocolate
• History of coffee
• History of salt
• History of seafood
• History of sugar
• Spice#History
• Spice trade

^ SCIHIST

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)

Google Books
• Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment by Michael Brian Schiffer

Wikipedia
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Wikiquote
• Benjamin Franklin

Wright Center for Innovative Science Education, Tufts U: Classroom Activities and resources
• Benjamin Franklin and Electrostatics Use It!

by Robert A. Morse
º The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin: screen format, print format

^ SCIHIST

GALILEI, GALILEO (1564-1642)

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems full online text
Elizabethtown College Personal Home Pages
Galilean-library.org: History and Philosophy of Science

Galileo from McMurry U
• The Art of Renaissance Science

Galileo Galilei, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits, American Institute of Physics

The Galileo Project Use It!

from Rice U: Science
• Galileo's Theory of the Tides
• On Motion
• Pendulum Clock
• Ptolemaic System & Copernican System
• Satellites of Jupiter
• The Telescope

Galileo's Inclined Plane Experiment from students of Rice U

Galileo Galilei's Notes on Motion

Galileo Project
• Timeline

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Multimedia Catalogue: Biographies
• Galileo Galilei

Museo Galileo
• Galileo's Telescope
• The life and work of Galileo

Online Lilbrary of Liberty
• Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, Galileo Galilei (1638)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Galileo Galilei

Wikimedia Commons
º Category:Galileo Galilei

Wikipedia: Galileo Galilei
º Category:Books by Galileo Galilei
º Category:Galileo Galilei
• Books by Galileo Galilei (Category)
º 1610 Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger)
º 1615 Letter to Grand Duchess Christina
º 1623 The Assayer
º 1632 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Ptolemaen vs. heliocentric
º 1638 Two New Sciences final book & testament covering his 30 yrs of work in physics
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
• [Galilei] Maria Celeste (1600-1634) daughter - Virginia Gamba
• Galilei, Michelagnolo (1575-1631) brother
• Galilei, Vincenzo (~1520 – 1591) father
• Gamba, Marina (1570-?1612) wife
• Italy
º Florence
º Padua
º Pisa birthplace, U Pisa: 1585 left without medical degree & 1589 Professor of mathematics

^ SCIHIST

GENETICS
The Genetic Code Biochemistry 3107
Gregor Mendel's Legacy: LTU Biochem Home Page, La Trobe U
MendelWeb classical genetics, data analysis, plant science, science- history / literature

^ SCIHIST

GEOLOGY
also see.. §GEOLOGY§

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, User Guide
• Principles of Geology

Evolutionary and Geological Timelines

GeoClio history of geology & the geosciences, About, Forums
• books

Google Books
• Principles of geology Charles Lyell, 1892

Henry Darcy and His Law from Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State U
• Biographical
• Darcy Memorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics
• Exposition Henry Darcy
• Groundwater and Darcy's Law
• History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation
• Pipe flow and the Pitot Tube

Historical Earthquake Theories Erhard Oeser: Universität Wien

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• Vulcan's Forge and Fingal's Cave Volcanoes, Basalt, and the Discovery of Geological Time

Wikipedia (people)
• Agassiz, Louis (1807-1873) 1840 Study on Glaciers
• Buckland, William (1784-1856) early Neptunist later convinced of Louis Agassiz's glaciation theory
• Cuvier, Georges (1769-1832) catastrophist
• Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
• Lyell, Charles (1797-1875)
º Principles of Geology 1830–33
• Hutton, James (1726-1797) father of modern geology; theories of geologic time
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
• von Humboldt, Alexander (1769-1859) suggested conjoining biology, meteorology & geology
• Thomson, William, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824-1907
• Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1749-1817) theory of Neptunism

Wikipedia: History of geology
º Category:Geology timelines
º Category:History of earth science
º List of geologists
º Category:History of paleontology
º Timeline of geology
º Timeline of glaciation
• Age of the Earth
• Continental Drift
• Geologic time scale
• History of geology
• History of paleontology
• Ice age Origin of ice age theory
• Neptunism
• Plutonism
• Uniformitarianism

^ SCIHIST

HELIOCENTRISM
also see.. Ptolemaic System

Wikipedia
• Aristarchus of Samos, Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances
• Copernicus, Nicolaus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
• Galilei, Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
• Kepler, Johannes, Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, Keplerian Telescope
• Scientific revolution
• Solar system model
• Tycho Brahe

^ SCIHIST

HERSCHELS, WILLIAM, CAROLINE & JOHN

Google Books
• Sir John Frederick William Herschel
º Astronomy (1833)
º A collection of examples of the applications of the calculus of finite differences with Lacroix
º Outlines of Astronomy (1869)
º A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy
º A Treatise on Astronomy (1842)
• Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works by Edward Singleton Holden (1881)
• The Story of the Herschels, a Family of astronomers unkn author (1878)
• A Synopsis of the Scientific Writings of Sir William Herschel Holden, Holden, & Hastings (1881)
• William Herschel and His Work by James Sime (1900)

Wikipedia
º Category:British astronomers
º Category:German astronomers
º Category:Scientific instrument makers
º List of astronomical instrument makers
• Herschel, William (1738-1822) discovered Uranus & infrared radiation
º 40-foot telescope
º Herschel's telescopes

Wikiquote
• Herschel, William

Youtube.com (Herschel's music)
º Topic - William Herschel
• F. W. Herschel: Richmond sinfonia for strings, bassoon & harpsichord n. 2 in D major / LMP
• Herschel chamber symphony in F minor no. 4- Allegro moderato (I)
• Hubble Images to Herschel Music
• William Herschel (1738-1822) - Sinfonía para cuerdas no. 8 en Do menor
• Wilhelm Herschel - Sinfonia n. 12, primo movimento, Allegro
• William Herschel - Symphony No. 8, I: Allegro Assai

Youtube.com (Herschel's astronomy)
• NOVA Short | Founders of Modern Astronomy | PBS

^ SCIHIST

HISPANIC SCIENTISTS

Wikipedia.org
• Luis Walter Alvarez
• Walter Alvarez
• Baruj Benacerraf
• Carlos Finlay
• Bernardo Houssay
• Luis Federico Leloir
• César Milstein
• Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol
• Severo Ochoa
• Ellen Ochoa
• Santiago Ramón y Cajal Use It!

• Michael Servetus

^ SCIHIST

GLASS

Wikipedia
º Category:Glass
º Category:Glass applications
º Category:History of glass
º Category:Laboratory glassware
• Ancient glass trade
• Egyptian faience
• Fused quartz
• Glass
• History of glass
• History of technology

^ SCIHIST

GRAVITY

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler
• Overview and Lecture Index
• Galileo's Acceleration
• Naturally Accelerated Motion
• Describing Motion
• Using History to Teach Science

U Tennessee, Knoxville , Physics & Astronomy: Astronomy 161
• The Solar System
º Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation

^ SCIHIST

HISTORIANS

Wikipedia
• Bernal, John Desmond (1901-1971)
• Bronowski, Jacob (1908-1974) wrote televison documentary series, The Ascent of Man
• Hessen, Boris (1893-1936) The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's "Principia"
• Needham, Joseph (1900-1995) History of Chinese Science
• Zilsel, Edgar (1891-1944)
º Zilsel Thesis

^ PHYSICS

IMAGES

American Institute of Physics, SiteMap
• Emilio Segrè Visual Archives photos/portraits

^ SCIHIST

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution: Internet Modern History Sourcebook
The Industrial Revolution: American: IRWeb
Industrial Revolution - A Trip To The Past: detailed
Lectures on The Industrial Revolution in England Arnold Toynbee
Richard Guest: The Steam Loom: Modern History Sourcebook
Samuel Slater and the American industrial Revolution
Steam Engine Library
William Radcliffe Power Looms: Modern History Sourcebook

^ SCIHIST

INSTRUMENTS
including.. Astolabes, Microscope
ars machina.com Links, Sales) compasses & sundials, fine art, globes & maps, microscopes, telescopes

Cathode Ray Tube site Use It!

old electronic glassware history and Physical Instruments

Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
• Articles, Glossary
• Catalogue of instruments

The Gemmary Instruments Forum & rare books
History of Scientific Instruments Wolfgang R. Dick

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural Philosophy Use It!

Introduction to Optical Microscopy and Photomicrography Use It!

Museum, Molecular Expression: Florida State U

Kenyon College Physics Dept, Instruments for Natural Philosophy Use It!

by Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr. Professor Emeritus: Electricity
• Tangent Galvanometer

Scientific Instrument Commission Bibliography
Scientific and Medical Antiques by Thomas E. Jones

TED Talks
• Tom Wujec: Learn to use the 13th-century astrolabe

University of Toronto Museum of Scientific Instruments
Wikipedia
• Category:History of science
• Category:Measuring instruments
• Chorobates level in classical antiquity
• Clock
• Compass, Compass rose
• Quadrants: Cross bow, Cole's
• Dioptra classical astronomical & surveying instrument
• Galileo thermometer
• Groma surveying Roman instrument
• History of longitude
• History of navigation
• History of timekeeping devices
• Sextant (astronomical)
• Mass spectrometry
• Marine chronometer
• Mirror galvanometer
• Sounding line
• Spectrometer

^ SCIHIST or INSTRUMENTS

Astrolabes

U Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy
• Astrolabe History

Astrolabes Made by Norman Greene

^ SCIHIST or INSTRUMENTS

HISTORY OF MICROSCOPES
also see... §Microscopy§

American Artifacts: Scientific, Medical and Mechanical Antiques auction, history & photos
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
ARS Machina.com the art of the machine, image gallery, makers, photographs, store
Brian J. Ford's History of the Microscope Intro, (emphasis - Leeuwenhoek specimens & scopes)
The Golub Collection 18th & 19th century antique microscopes: U California, Berkeley
History of the Light Microscope Tutorial (comprehensive) by Thomas E. Jones
UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology, Evolution Wing, Timeline of Evolutionary Thought
- Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
the invention of the microscope: BBC learning
Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replicas do-it-yourself instructions & replicas store by Al Shinn
Museum of History and Science microscopes and related scientific instruments, Oxford U
Museum of Optical Instruments history of scientific instrumentation, makers, photographs: Germany
Museum of Microscopy short history, 3-D models, screen saver download
Online Microscopes (historical) Moody Medical Library, U Texas Medicine
Taking a Photomicrograph in 1904 turn of the century photomicrography treatise: Microscopy UK
The Ultraphot Shop Zeiss Ultraphot accessories, history, maintenance, service by Spike Walker

^ SCIHIST

ISLAM
also see.. Alchemy, §Religions & Spirituality§

History of Science and Technology in Islam by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, Links
• Articles

MuslimHeritage.com
• Science
• TimeLine

Saudiaramcoworld.com: Rediscovering Arabic Science

Wikipedia
º Category:Alchemists of medieval Islam
º Category:Islamic astronomy
º Category:History of Islamic science
º Category:Islamic alchemy
º Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world
• Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
• Astronomy in medieval Islam
• Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
• Hindu and Buddhist contribution to science in medieval Islam
• History of alchemy
• Islamic Golden Age
• List of alchemists
• List of inventions in medieval Islam
• List of Muslim astronomers
• Outline of Alchemy
• Philosopher's Stone
• Physics in medieval Islam
• Science in medieval Islam
• Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire

^ SCIHIST

LAWS of SCIENCE, PHYSICAL LAWS
also see.. Physics

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
º Category: Philosophy of Science
• Laws of Nature by Norman Swartz
• Natural Law

Norman Swartz - Biography from Simon Fraser U
• The Concept of Physical Law by Norman Swartz free download

Wikipedia
º Category:Conservation laws
º Category:Empirical laws
º Category:Symmetry
º List of scientific laws named after people
• Conservation law
º Charge conservation
º Conservation of energy
º Conservation of mass
• Action (physics)
• Angular momentum
º #Conservation of angular momentum
• Antimatter
• Big Bang
• Charge (physics)
º Color charge
º Electric charge
º Magnetic monopole
• Defining equation (physics)
• Energy
• General covariance
• Laws of science
• Mass
• Mathematical descriptions of physical laws
• Mass-energy equivalence
• Momentum
º #Conservation of linear momentum
• Noether's theorem
• Physical law
• Planck's law
• Principle of least action
• Swartz, Norman
• Symmetry (physics)
º CP violation
º C-symmetry charge
º T-symmetry time
• Transformation (function)

^ SCIHIST

LOW TEMPERATURE

Wikipedia
º History of superconductivity
º Timeline of low-temperature technology
• Liquefaction of gases

^ SCIHIST

MASTERS OF SCIENCE, PEOPLE, SCIENTISTS

also see..
§MATHEMATICS§, §Geometry§, Physics

CHROLONOLOGICAL LIST of Sections Below
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
daVinci, Leornardo (1452-1519)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
Boyle, Robert (1627-1692)
Priestley, Joseph (1627-1692)
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
Hooke, Robert (1635-1703)
Newton, Isaac (1643-1727)
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
Black, Joseph (1728-1799)
Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)
Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814) Count Rumford
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)
Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Poincare, Henri (1854–1912)
Thomson, Joseph John (1856-1940)
Sommerfeld, Arnold (1868-1951)
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
Feynman, Richard (1918-1988)
Hawking, Stephen (1942-)

American Institute of Physics, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits
Caltech Archives: PhotoNet photographs (for personal, noncommercial use) with Search

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Multimedia Catalogue: Biographies

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Wikipedia
º List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
• History of physics (category)
• History of Science
• History of scientific method
• Noether, Emmy (1882-1935)

ARCHIMEDES (287-212 BC)

Archimedes Home Page by Chris Rorres, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, Drexel U

Bradley W. Carroll
• Eureka! The Achievements of Archimedes
º Archimedes' Inspiration how he used his principle to detect a gold crown forgery

PBS.org, Nova
• Archimedes

Wikipedia
• Archimedes
º Archimedes' screw

ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, U Tennessee, Martin
• Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Motion and its Place in Nature

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
• On the Heavens, Translated by J. L. Stocks
• Physics, Translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye

PhysicsWeb.org
• Was Aristotle the first physicist? by Michael Rowan Robinson

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aristotle

Wikipedia: Aristotle
• On the Heavens
• Physics (Aristotle)

BACON, FRANCIS (1561-1626)

Constitution Society
• The New Organon (online) or True Directions Concerning the Interpretation of Nature

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Project Gutenberg online publications: Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626

Sir Francis Bacon's New Advancement of Learning
• Library

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Francis Bacon

Wikipedia: Francis Bacon (philosopher)
• Novum Organum new system of logic superior to Aristotelian syllogism

BLACK, JOSEPH (1728-1799)
Wikipedia: Joseph Black (1728-1799)

Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Boltzmann's Work in Statistical Physics

Wikipedia
• Boltzmann equation Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)
• Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1692)
Robert Boyle Project
• Learn about Boyle
• Papers Online

Wikipedia: Robert Boyle

BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)
Wikipediai: Tycho Brahe

CARNOT, SADI (1796-1832)

Wikipedia: Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
• Carnot heat engine

COPERNICUS, NICOLAUS (1473-1543)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nicolaus Copernicus

Wikipedia: Nicolaus Copernicus

DARWIN, CHARLES (1809-1882)
also see.. §Evolution§

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, User Guide
• The Descent of Man: Vol 1, Vol 2

Project Gutenberg: Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882
• The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
• The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
• The Foundations of the Origin of Species
• Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Vol 1, Vol 2
• On the Origin of Species 1859, 1st Ed
• On the Origin of Species, Audio Books: Computer Generated, Human Read

Wikipedia: Charles Darwin
• The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
• On the Origin of Species 1859

DESCARTES, RENÉ (1596-1650)

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
• Descartes, René, 1596-1650

Project Gutenberg online publications: Descartes, René, 1596-1650

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Rene Descartes

Wikipedia
º Category:René Descartes
º Category:Works by René Descartes
• Cartesian doubt
• Cartesian materialism
• René Descartes
º Principles of Philosophy
º Treatise on the World
º The World (Descartes)

EDISON, THOMAS ALVA (1847-1931)

The Thomas Edison Papers, Rutgers U
Wikipedia: Thomas Edison

EINSTEIN, ALBERT (1879-1955)
also see.. §PHYSICS§

Archive.org, Audio: Search Einstein

Einstein Archivies Online
• Digitized Manuscripts

Einstein Papers Project

FBI.gov, Records: Freedom of Information/Privacy Act, The Vault, A-Z Index
• Albert Einstein

Harvard U, Physics Dept: Gerald Holton
• Einstein's Third Paradise by Gerald Holton

Ibiblio.org: Elegant Ebooks
• Albert Einstein
º Relativity: the Special and General Theory
º Sidelights on Relativity (pdf)

Einstein, Albert photographs for personal, noncommercial use, Caltech Archives: PhotoNet
Einstein, Albert, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Einstein - Image and Impact, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits, American Institute of Physics
Einstein in Princeton Scientist, Humanitarian, Cultural Icon, Historical Society of Princeton
Einstein Revealed (from PBS.org, Nova), Links

LibriVox.org public domain audio recordings: Albert Einstein search
• Relativity: The Special and General Theory
• Sidelights on Relativity
• Short Nonfiction Collection Vol. 017 includes “Ether and the Theory of Relativity” by Albert Einstein

NobelPrize.org: Albert Einstein Biography

"On the Method of Theoretical Physics" (pdf)
• @ John D. Norton U Pittsburgh Dept. History & Philosophy of Science
• @ St. Mary's College of California

PublicRadio.org: Einstein and the Mind of God audio programs
• Einstein's Ethics (mp3)
• Einstein's God
• The World as I See It

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Einstein's Philosophy of Science

WikiLivres.info:
º Albert Einstein (mp3)
• Albert Einstein and Rabindranath Tagore Talk
• Why Socialism?

Wikipedia: Albert Einstein
Wikiquote: Albert Einstein

WikiSource.org: Author:Albert Einstein
• Albert Einstein to Franklin D. Roosevelt - August 2, 1939
• The Bad Nauheim Debate
• A Brief Outline of the Development of the Theory of Relativity
• The Development of Our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation
• Dialog about Objections against the Theory of Relativity
• Ether and the Theory of Relativity
• The Field Equations of Gravitation
• The Foundation of the Generalised Theory of Relativity
• Geometry and Experience
• A Heuristic Model of the Creation and Transformation of Light
• On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
• Relativity: The Special and General Theory
• Russell-Einstein Manifesto
• Time, Space, and Gravitation

FEYNMAN, RICHARD (1918-1988)
Archive.org Search: Richard Feynman
• The Feynman Letters Michelle Feynman (daughter of Richard Feynman) book & interview
• The Life of Richard Feynman Groks Science Show

FeynmanLectures.info

MetaCafe.com: Richard Feynman
• Feynman: Take the World from Another Point of View (3/4)

Project Tuva Use It! from Microsoft Research: Richard Feynman Lectures

Tanin Ehrami's When Minds Collide
• Richard Feynman (Videos)
º The Distinction of Past and Future
º Law of Gravitation
º On Preconceived Conditions
º The Relation of Mathematics and Physics

Wikipedia
• Richard Feynman (1918-1988)

Wikiquote: Richard Feynman

Youtube.com
• Richard Feynman - Jiggling Atoms fire
• Feynman: Take the world from another point of view 1, 2, 3, 4
• Richard Feynman -The Pleasure of finding Things out (full version)

HAWKING, STEPHEN (1942-)
Answers.com: Stephen William Hawking
Hawking, Stephen's home page
• A Brief History of Mine Biography

The Hawking of Stephen Hawking: Celebrity, Cosmology, Disability by Jonathan Smith, U Michigan
U Totonto, UPSCALE Undergraduate Physics Students' Computing and Learning Environment
• The Science of Hawking

Wikipedia: Stephen Hawking

HOOKE, ROBERT (1635-1703)

RobertHooke.org.uk

HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (1629-1695)

HuygensWeb

Wikipedia
• Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)

KEPLER, JOHANNES (1571–1630)

Depauw U, Science Fiction Studies Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist

Skyscript Astrology Pages: Deborah Houlding's
• Johannes Kepler and the Music of the Spheres by David Plant

Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler
• Laws of Planetary Motion

MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Archive.org (pdf's) Maxwell's written works
• An Elementary Treatise on Electricity, 1881
• Matter and Motion 1920
• Scientific Papers 1890, Vol. 1
• On the Stability of the Motion of Saturn's Rings... 1859
• A Treatise on Electricity Magnetism, 1873: Vol. 1, Vol. 2

Archive.org (choice of formats)
• An elementary treatise on electricity (1881)
• Five of Maxwell's Papers
• Matter and motion
• Scientific papers
• The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Volume 1)
• On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings ..
• Theory of heat
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volumes 1, 2

Carnegie Mellon, Posner Library Memorial Collection
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism by James Clerk Maxwell, Volumes 1, 2 read single pages online

Google Books (public domain) by James Clerk Maxwell
• An Elementary Treatise on Electricity, 1888
• Matter and Motion, 1882
• On the Stability of the Motion of Saturn's Rings, 1859
• Theory of heat, 1871
• Theory of Heat, 1904
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volume 1, 1884
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volume 1, 1904

Google Books (public domain) about James Clerk Maxwell
• James Clerk Maxwell and modern physics Sir Richard Glazebrook, 1896
• The life of James Clerk Maxwell: With a selection from his correspondence ... Lewis Campbell, William Garnett, 1882 or 1882
• Pioneers of electricity; or, Short lives of the great electricians John Munro, 1890

Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles (Cut-the-Knot.org)
• Maxwell's Theorem: What Is It? A Mathematical Droodle

Project Gutenberg: Maxwell, James Clerk, 1831-1879
• Five of Maxwell's Papers
• On a Dynamical Top for exhibiting the phenomena of the motion of a system...

Wikipedia: James Clerk Maxwell
• File:On Physical Lines of Force.pdf
• Maxwell's equations
• Maxwell's demon

Wikisource.orgi
º Author:James Clerk Maxwell
• A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
• On Physical Lines of Force
• A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism

LAVOISIER, ANTOINE (1743-1794)
BBC Radio
• Oxygen Melvyn Bragg discusses the discovery of Oxygen by Priestley and Lavoisier: Show

Google Books
• Search Author (English): Antoine Lavoisier
º Elements of Chemistry Antoine Lavoisier (tr. R. Kerr) 1802
º Essays on the effects produced by various processes on atmospheric air Antoine Lavoisier, 1783

Wikipedia
• Antoine Lavoisier

NEWTON, ISAAC (1643-1727)
BBC: Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Cambridge Digital Library Use It!
• Newton Papers

Google Books
• Cohen, I. Bernard
º The Cambridge companion to Newton edited with George Edwin Smith
• The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1729) Tr. Benjamin Motte: Vol.1, Vol.2
• Newton, Isaac
• Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World (1934) Motte's revised tr., Florian Cajori

Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences: Isaac Newton's Life

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
• Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) biography
• Sir Isaac Newton photo displays of protrait drawings & paintings

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (online) by Sir Isaac Newton
• translated by Andrew Motte, First American Edition, New York, 1846
Michael Fowler, U Virginia, Physics Dept
• Galileo and Einstein course: 2 revolutions in perceptions of the Universe
• Isaac Newton

Project Gutenberg
• Newton, Isaac, Sir, 1642-1727
º Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
º Opticks
º Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin)

Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Isaac Newton

Wikipedia
º Category:Books by Isaac Newton
º Category:Isaac Newton
º Category:Works by Isaac Newton
• Clockwork universe theory
• Isaac Newton
º Arithmetica Universalis
º The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms
º De motu corporum in gyrum
º An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
º Method of Fluxions
º Opticks
º Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
º The Queries
• Isaac Newton's religious views
• Law of Universal Gravitation Wolfram.com/, Science World
• Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)

Wikiquote
• Isaac Newton

POINCARE, HENRI (1854–1912)
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: Jules Henri Poincaré

Wikipedia
• Henri Poincare (1854-1912)

Wikisource.org
º Author:Henri Poincare
• On the Dynamics of the Electron (June)
• On the Dynamics of the Electron (July)
• The End of Matter
• The Measure of Time
• The New Mechanics (Gottingen)
• The Principles of Mathematical Physics
• Science and Hypothesis

PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1627-1692)
A Brief Biography of Joseph Priestley, Unitiarian Universalist Congregation of the Susquehanna Valley (UUCSV)

Google Books
• The history and present state of electricity: with original experiments, 1769 by Joseph Priestley

Project Gutenberg
• Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air by Joseph Priestley, 2nd edition corrected

Wikipedia
• Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)
º The History and Present State of Electricity

Wikiquote: Joseph Priestley
º The History and Present State of Electricity (1767)

Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951)

American Philosophical Society
• Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm (1868-1951) biography

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
• Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (1868-1951)
• Arnold Sommerfeld portrait images

Wikipedia
• Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951)

Wikiquote
• Arnold Sommerfeld

Benjamin Thompson - Count Rumford (1753-1814)

Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) from Glen E. Rodgers, Allegheny College Dept Chemistry

Google Search
• Rumford Fireplace site:*.edu

Wikipedia: Benjamin Thompson
• Rumford fireplace

THOMSON, JOSEPH JOHN (1856-1940)

American Institute of Physics, Center for History of Physics
• Discovery of the Electron Experiments by J.J. Thomson in 1897

Cathode Ray Tube site electronic glassware history and Physical Instruments

Nobel-winners.com: Physics
• Sir Joseph John Thomson bio
Wikipedia: J. J. Thomson

da VINCI, LEONARDO (1452-1519)

Archive.org, Search: Leonardo da Vinci

SUNY College at Oneonta, Art History, Links
• The Art and Science of Leonardo da Vinci Excerpts from his Notebooks

BBC News: Da Vinci clue for heart surgeon

The British Library
• The Leonardo Notebook
• Leonardo's Codex Arundel

BulentAtalay.com physicist & author, Links
• Gallery architectural portraits
º Personality Portrait Sketches: 1, 2
• Lectures from YouTube.com
• Math and the Mona Lisa book

Milan National Museum of Science and Technology: leonardo
• Leonardo, Milan and water
• Virtual Leonardo

Project Gutenberg: Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519
• The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci
• Thoughts on Art and Life

U Berkeley: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) as paleontologists & evolutionary biologist

UniversalLeonardo.org Use It!

Web Museum: Leonardo da Vinci

Wikipedia
• Leonardo da Vinci

Wikiquote: Leonardo da Vinci

WikiSource, Author:Leonardo da Vinci
• The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci

^ SCIHIST

MATERIALS, MATERIALS SCIENCE
also see.. METALLURGY

Wikipedia
º Category:History of chemistry
º Category:Materials science
• History of materials science

^ SCIHIST

MATHEMATICS History
including.. Binomial Theorem
also see.. §MATHEMATICS§, §Geometry§, Probability & Statistics, §Projective Geometry (MATH)§

17centurymaths.com Some Mathematical Works of the 17th & 18th Centuries, Ian Bruce translations
• Euler's Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum
• Qvadratvrae Circuli by Gregory St. Vincent

300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Mathematics, Science Writings and Natural History

The Abacus The Art of Calculating with Beads - articles, math operations, plus..
• FAQ
• Introduction - construction & anatomy, basics, abavcus today
• History
• Interactive Applet

Archimedes' quadrature of the parabola, Thomas L. Heath, from Bill Casselman, U British Columbia
The Art of Algebra from Al-Khwarizmi to Viète: A Study in the Natural Selection of Ideas, U Virginia
Artículos various historical topics: U Uruguay
Biographies of Women Mathematicians Agnes Scott College

Center for Technology and Teacher Education
• Mathematics and the History of Mathematics Websites

Chez Cherlin @Rutgers Math: History Dir.
• Conic Sections in Ancient Greece by Ken Schmarge

Christopher J. Sangwin @ U Birmingham Mathematics
• Elements of Algebra by Leonard Euler

ChronoMath (in French) by timeline and by subject/mathematician

Convergence! Use It!

( Home ) where math, history and teaching interact, resource & Forum, About, Search
• from the Mathematical Association of America (MAA)

David Banach, Dept Philosophy, St. Anselm College
• Philosophy of Science Links
º Ancient Science and Mathematics
º Bell's Theorem and EPR
º The Golden Section
º Infinity and Continuity
• The Golden Age And The Golden Mean Article

David Moews's home page
• The Geometry of René Descartes Tr. David Eugene Smith, Open Court, 1925

Dictionary of the History of Ideas Use It!

Contents, Search
• from the Electronic Text Center, U Virginia Library
• Math & Logic formal mathematical, logical, linguistic & methodological ideas

Dirk J. Van Ham: The STOA Collection
• Actuarial Science and Theory of Probability
• Catalogue Mathematical Tables
• Digital Computation
• Kepler and logarithmic calculation

Duncan J. Melville, St. Lawrence U
• Mesopotamian Mathematics
º Old Babylonian 'Quadratic' Problems
º Reciprocals and Reciprocal Algorithms in Mesopotamian Mathematics

Euclid's Elements Use It!

an Introduction (& full text) by David E. Joyce, Clark U
• The Geometry Applet - using the Applet
• Links
• Quick Trip through the Elements
• Subject Index, Table of Contents

• Euclid's Elements translation by Thomas L. Heath and
• Euclid's Elements (Greek), J. L. Heiberg
both of the above from the Perseus Digital Library

Euclid's Elements of Geometry - Oliver Byrne's edition & Links, from Bill Casselman, U British Columbia

Euclid's Elements from U British Columbia SunSite, DIGITAL MATH ARCHIVE
• Oliver Byrne's edition of Euclid page by page scanned images
• Erhard Ratdolt - first publisher of Euclid

Favourite Mathematical Constants: Mathsoft.com

GAP - Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a System for Computational Discrete Algebra
• History Topics Index Use It!

Gardner, Milo at BlogSpot.com
• Achmim Wooden Tablets, ( Table at mathorigins.com)
• Egyptian-math-history
• Egyptian Fractions, Hultsch-Bruins Method
• History of Egyptian Fractions
• Kahun Papyrus at Wikipedia.org
• Liber Abaci and its Egyptian fraction methods
• Milo Gardner at Wikipedia.org
• The Reisner Papyrus
• Remainder Arithmetic at Planet Math
• Remainder Arithmetic vs. Egyptian Fractions at Planet Math
• Vulgar fractions and the 2/nth table

G. Donald Allen Texas A&M U Math
• Precalculus history

Geometry Then and Now short look at Ancient Greek Math, Perseus Digital Library

Google Books: History or Mathematics
• Allman, George Johnston
º Greek Geometry from Thales to Euclid 1889
• Austin, William
º An Examination of the First Six Books of Euclid's Elements
• Ball, Walter William Rouse
º A History of the Study of Mathematics at Cambridge (1889)
º Mathematical Recreations and Problems of Past and Present Times (1892)
º A Primer of the History of Mathematics (1914)
º A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (1819)
• Barlow, Peter
º A New Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary ...with historical sketches of the rise, progress and present state, (1814)
• Margaret E. Baron
º The Origins of the Infinitesimal Calculus (1969)
• Bell, Eric Temple
º The Development of Mathematics (1945)
º Men of Mathematics (1986)
• Beman, Wooster Woodruff
º A Chapter in the History of Mathematics (1897)
• Boncompagni, Baldassarre
º Opuscoli di Leonardo Pisano
º Scritti di Leonardo Pisano
• Bonnycastle, John
º Elements of Geometry: 1st 6 books Euclid, plus bks 11,12
• Bonola, Roberto
º Non-Euclidean Geometry: a Critical and Historical Study of its Development (1912)
• Bossut, Charles
º A General History of Mathematics: from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Eighteenth Century (1803)
• Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1906-1976)
º The Concepts of the Calculus: a Critical and Historical Discussion of the Derivative and the Integral
º The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (The Concepts of the Calculus) (1949)
º History of Analytic Geometry (2004)
º A History of Mathematics (1992)
º The Rainbow from Myth to Mathematics (1959)
º Robert Grosseteste on the Rainbow (1954)
• Butler, Charles
º An Easy Introduction to the Mathematics ...to each subject a brief popular history, Vol. 2 (1814)
• Byrne, Oliver
º The Doctrine of Proportion Clearly Developed (1841)
• Cajori, Florian
º A History of the Conceptions of Limits and Fluxions in Great Britain, from Newton to Woodhouse (1919)
º A History of Elementary Mathematics (1898)
º On the History of Gunter's Scale and the Slide Rule during the Seventeenth Century Vol.1 (1920)
º A History of the Logarithmic Slide Rule and Allied Instruments 1909
º A History of Mathematics (1893)
º A History of Physics in its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories (1917)
º The Teaching and History of Mathematics in the United States (1890)
º William Oughtred: a Great Seventeenth-century Teacher of Mathematics (1916)
• Carnot, Lazare
º De la corrélation des figures de géométrie (1801)
º Reflexions on the metaphysical principles of the infinitesimal analysis (1832)
• Chasles, Michel
º Apercu Historique sur l'origine et le Développement des Méthodes en Géométrie (1875) Historical Overview on the Origin & Development of Methods in Geometry
º Geschichte der Geometrie (1839) History of Geometry
• Comte, Auguste
º The Philosophy of Mathematics (1851)
• Cresswell, Daniel
º A Treatise of Geometry, containing... first six books... Euclid's Elements
• Dauben, Joseph Warren
º Writing the History of Mathematics: Its Historical Development, (2002)
• Davies, Charles
º Mathematical Dictionary and Cyclopedia Of Mathematical Science (1872)
• Dickson, Leonard Eugene
º History of the Theory of Numbers (1919)
º Monographs on Topics of Modern Mathematics: Relevant to the Elementary Field
• Euler, Leonard
º A Complete Theory of the Construction and Properties of Vessels (1790)
º Elements of Algebra Tr. Charles Tayler
º Introductio in Analysin Infinitoruin, Volume 1, (1797)
º Institutiones Calculi Differentialis (1755)
º Institutio Calculi Integralis, Volume 1, (1768)
º Institutiones Calculi Integralis, Volume 2, (1792)
º Letters ... to a German princess Vol.1, (1802)
º Letters of Euler to a German princess Vol.2, (1840)
• Gow, James
º A Short History of Greek Mathematics (1884)
• Grosholz, Emily
º The Growth of Mathematical Knowledge (2000)
• Heath, Sir Thomas Little
º Archimedes (1920)
º The Copernicus of Antiquity (Aristarchus of Samos) (1920)
º Diophantos of Alexandria: a Study in the History of Greek Algebra (1885)
º Euclid's Elements (1908): Vol.1 Intro/Books 1-2, Vol.2 Bks 3-9, Vol.3 Bks 10-13/Appdx
º A History of Greek Mathematics Vol.1 (1921), Vol.2 (1921)
º Treatise on conic sections by Apollonius
• Hutton, Charles
º A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary ...with an historical account of the rise, progress and present state of these sciences, 1815
• Jahnke, Hans Niels
º A History of Analysis (2003)
• Keith, Thomas
º The Elements of Plane Geometry
• Kline, Morris
º Calculus: An Intuitive and Physical Approach
º An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry with Bertran Russell
º Introduction to mathematics: a survey emphasizing mathematical ideas and their relations to other fields of knowledge
º Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times, Vol. 3
º Mathematics from a Cultural Viewpoint: A Survey Course for College Freshmen (1935)
º Mathematics for Liberal Arts (1967)
º Mathematics for the Nonmathematician (1967)
º Mathematics and the Physical World (1981) account of the development of mathematics
º Mathematics in Western Culture (1954)
• Laplace, Pierre Simon marquis de
º Elementary Illustrations of the Celestial Mechanics of Laplace
º Mécanique Céleste Vol.2 (1832)
º The Mechanics of Laplace (1814)
º A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities (1902)
º System of the World Vol.1 (1830), Vol.2 (1809)
º A Treatise Upon Analytical Mechanics (1814)
• Legendre, Adrien Marie
º Elements of geometry
º Elements of geometry and trigonometry from the works of A. M. Legendre (1872)
º Geometry: the elements of Euclid and Legendre simplified... to exclude... reductio ad absurdum (1867)
º Selected Propositions in Geometrical Constructions and Applications of Algebra to Geometry (1882)
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
º The early mathematical manuscripts of Leibniz Karl Immanuel Gerhardt
º Historia et origo Calculi Differentialis a G. G. Leibnitio Conscripta (1846)
• Marie, Maximilien: Histoire Des Sciences Mathématiques Et Physiques:
º De thalés á Diophante (1883)
º De Diophante á Viéte (1883)
º De Viéte á Descartes (1884)
º De Descartes á Huyghens (1884)
º De Huyghens á Newton (1884)
º De Newton á Euler (1885)
º De Lagrange á Laplace (1886)
º De Fouier á Arago (1887)
º De Laplace á Fourier (1887)
• Miller, George Abram
º Historical Introduction to Mathematical Literature (1916)
• Napier, Mark
º Memoirs of John Napier of Merchiston: his lineage, life, and times, with a history of the invention of logarithms (1834)
• Playfair, John
º Dissertation... the Progress of Mathematical and Physical Science since the Revival of Letters in Europe (1822)
º Elements of geometry: containing the first six books of Euclid
• Russell, Bertrand
º An essay on the foundations of geometry (1897)
• Simson, Robert
º The Elements of Euclid
• Smith, David Eugene
º A Brief History of Mathematics (1903)
º Elements of Projective Geometry (1922)
º Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics: A Treatise of Archimedes (1909)
º A History of Japanese Mathematics (1914)
º History of Modern Mathematics (1896)
º The Invention of the Decimal Fraction (1910)
º Number puzzles before the log fire: being those given in the Number Stories of Long Ago (1919)
• Smith, Francis Henney
º Lecture on the History of Mathematics (1841)
• Whitford, Edward Everett
º The Pell Equation (1912)

Great scientists/mathematicians and my version of the future [very limited]
Greek Mathematicians: Portland State U

Hathi Trust Digital Library
• The History of Arithmetic, by Louis Charles Karpinski (1925) only the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign copy is downloadable
• The History of the Quadrature of the Circle Jean-Etienne Montucla, Ed. William Alexander Myers, Tr. by J. Babin from Histoire des recherches sur la quadrature du cercle (1754)

The History of Mathematics Use It!

by G. Donald Allen, Texas A&M University

Hans Fischer Major Papers on History of Mathematics (pdf's)
• The Central Limit Theorem from Laplace to Cauchy: Changes in Stochastic Objectives and in Analytical Methods
• The Central Limit Theorem in the Twenties
• Laplace's Approximation of the Gamma Function, a Direct Approach

Henry Mendell Cal State U College of Arts & Letters
• Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics Use It!

Glossary - Links (Alexander Bogomolny

The Introduction of Analysis into England Trinity College, Ireland

Jeff Miller Web Pages
• Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics
• Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols

Leibniz-translations.com by Lloyd Strickland

MacTutor History of Mathematics Use It!

O'Connor & Robertson, U St Andrews, Scotland
• A history of the calculus

Maslanka, David Illinois Institute of Technology
• Geometry for Architects
• The Method of Exhaustion and the Limit Process
• Squaring The Circle With An Archimedean Spiral

Math Archives History of Mathematics Links, U Tennessee
Mathematical Museum: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin
The Mathematical Quotations Server Furman U
Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Trinity College, Dublin
Mathematicians of the African Diaspora African American mathematicians: U Buffalo
Mathematics Ancient Mathematics History & Its Modern Fates: Vatican Exhibit, ibiblio.org

Mathematics Genealogy Project degrees, dissertation & advisor(s) FAQ, Links, Search
• from North Dakota State U, Dept Mathematics
Math pages articles

MathPages.com
• History of mathematics & science

Michael Lahanas, Ancient Greece Use It!

Science, Technology, Arts
• Ancient Greece Mathematics Timeline
• Apollonius Conics and Circles and the Delian Problem
• The Golden Section and the Golden Rectangle
• The Menelaus Theorem
• Plato's Cave - The Enlightenment Process: Enter the Matrix

National Museum of American History
• Slates, Sliderules and Software, Teaching Math in America

PASS maths magazine
The sci.math FAQ Canada

Some Mathematical Works of the 17th & 18th Centuries Translated mainly from Latin into English
• Christian Huygens: Horologium Oscillatorium translated and annotated by Ian Bruce

Some Mathematical Works of the 17th & 18th Centuries Translated mainly from Latin into English, Ian Bruce
• Euler's Institutionum Calculi Integralis, Vols. 1, 2, 3
• Euler: Mechanica Vols. 1, 2
• Euler: Some Papers
• Huygens, Christian: Horologium Oscillatorium
• Taylor, Brook: Methodus Incrementorum Directa & Inversa

StoryOfMathematics.com

Teaching with Original Historical Sources in Mathematics Use It!

New Mexico State U Math, David Pengelley with Reinhard Laubenbacher
• Mathematical Expeditions: Chronicles by the Explorers
• Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers

Tod Hammond's Mathematics & the Liberal Arts Use It!

, Truman State U, Math & Computer Science Div
• Algebra
• Algorithms
• Arithmetic, Mental Arithmetic
• Discrete Mathematics
• Gambling, Games, Games of Chance
• Geometry
• Logic, Number Concept, Philosophy
• Mysticism, Gematria, Magic Squares, Numerology
• Number Systems, Imaginary and Complex, Irrationals, Real
• Number Theory
• Probability, Statistics

Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics by Henry Mendell, Cal State U, LA small sampling of articles are below
• Archimedes
º Archimedes, On Conoids and Spheroids 1 Archimedes, Quadrature of the Parabola: Introduction and Prop. 1-7
º Archimedes, Sand-Reckoner (Arenarius), Introduction to the translation
º A Quick Summary of Archimedes, The Method Prop. 14
• Aristotle
º Aristotle and the definition of faster
º Aristotle and Mathematics article @Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Cavalieri's Method of Indivisibles
• Euclid, Elements XII 2: Method of Exhaustion
• Eudoxus of Cnidus
• Eudoxus of Cnidus article @Britannica.com
• Eudoxos of Knidos (Eudoxus of Cnidus): astronomy and homocentric spheres
• Infinitary Arguments infinity
• Isaac Barrow, Mathematical Lectures
• Theodosius, Sphaerica iii 1
• Zeno's paradoxes on Motion and Size

University of Modena e Reggio Emilia - MUSEO (Italian)
• Mathematical Laboratory (English) - Mathematical Machines

Vatican Exhibit from ibiblio.org
• Mathematics Ancient Science and Its Modern Fates
• Greek Mathematics ( cont.)
• Ptolemy's Geography
• Greek Astronomy

Vatican Exhibit Main Hall
from.. Information Technologies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
• Mathematics Ancient Science and Its Modern Fates:
• Greek Mathematicsand its Modern Heirs ( cont.)
• Ptolemy's Geography
• Greek Astronomy

Wikipedia (Historians of Mathematics)
º Category:Historians of mathematics
• Allman, George Johnston (1824-1904)
º Greek Geometry from Thales to Euclid 1889
• Bell, Eric Temple (1883-1960)
• Boncompagni, Baldassarre (1821-1894)
• Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1906-1976)
• Cajori, Florian (1859-1930)
• Chasles, Michel (1793-1880)
º Chasles-Cayley-Brill formula
º Chasles' theorem(s)
• Kline, Morris (1908-1992) writer & popularizer on mathematical history, philosophy & teaching
• Marie de Ficquelmont, Maximilien (1819-1891) inventor of the imaginary number i
º Histoire des Sciences Mathematiques et Physiques 12 volumes

Wikipedia
º Category:History of Mathematics
º Category:Lists of mathematicians
º Category:Mathematical problems
º Category:Mathematics timelines
º List of mathematicians
º List of mathematics history topics
º Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
º Timeline of algebra
º Timeline of algorithms
º Timeline of category theory and related mathematics
º Timeline of mathematics
• Algebraic function#History
• Babylonian mathematics
• Cavalieri, Bonaventura
º Cavalieri's principle
• Chinese mathematics
º The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
• Compass and straightedge constructions
º Compass equivalence theorem
• Complex number#History
• Constructible number
• Euclid's Elements
• Eudoxus of Cnidus (408-355 BC) method of exhaustion, deductive math
• History of combinatorics
• History of computing
• History of elementary algebra
• History of geometry
• History of group theory
• History of manifolds and varieties
• History of mathematical notation
• History of mathematics
• History of probability
• History of statistics
• History of topos theory
• History of trigonometric functions
• History of trigonometry
• Lune of Hippocrates
• Method of exhaustion
• Method of Fluxions
• Prosthaphaeresis
• Quadrature (mathematics)
• Revolutions in Mathematics
• Squaring the circle#History
• The Story of Maths
• Transcendental number#History
• Unifying theories in mathematics
• Wright, Edward (mathematician) (1561-1615)

Wikiquote
º Category:Mathematics
• 1 (number)
• A History of Mathematics by Florian Cajori
• Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)
• History of algebra
• History of calculus
• History of logarithms
• History of mathematics
• Mathematics and mysticism
• Negative number
• Non-Euclidean geometry

WilbourHall.org mathematics & mathematical astronomy historical sources
Women Mathematicians Agnes Scott College Mathematics Department

Youtube.com
• Spike Milligan
º Napier's Bones Multiplication

MATH

Binomial Theorem (History of the)

History of the Binomial Theorem by Mark Comer, U Bath

^ SCIHIST

MECHANICS
also see.. Physics

Max Planck Institute for the History of Science: Archimedes Project mechanical drawings, bios and works in original languages
• Author Index

Readings in 17th Century Mechanics
• Huygens, Christiaan
º On the Center of Oscillation Horologium Oscillatorium, Part IV
º On Centrifugal Force
º On the Motion of Bodies Resulting from Impact
• On Motion by René Descartes
• The Truth of the Sciences by Marin Mersenne

Wikipedia
º Category:Classical mechanics
º History of classical mechanics
º List of equations in classical mechanics
º Motion graphs and derivatives
• Bucket argument
• Classical mechanics
• Coriolis effect
• D'Alembert's principle
• Euler's laws of motion
• Euler's three-body problem
• Friction
• Galilean invariance
• History of classical mechanics
• Inertia
• Inertial frame of reference
• Newton's laws of motion
• Principle of least action
• Simple harmonic motion
• Theory of impetus
• Two-body problem
• Virtual displacement
• Virtual work

^ SCIHIST

MEDIEVAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
John Longeway University of Wisconsin-Parkside Philosophy Department
• Chapters in a History of Philosophy
• Mediaeval Philosophy works of Simon of Faversham (d. 1306)

Medieval Science Page Portal
Medieval Technology Pages Use It!

by Paul J. Gans, Dept Chemistry, NYU, Subject Index, TimeLine
Medieval Technology Pages, Subject Index from Paul J. Gans, New York U
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Bacon, Roger (1220-1292)
• Medieval Philosophy
• Medieval Theories of Demonstration
• Oresme, Nicole (1320-1382)

Wikipedia
º Category:Medieval scientists
º Medieval European scientists
• Albert Magnus (1193-1280)
• Bacon, Roger (1214-1294)
• Bede (ca. 672/673-735)
• Bradwardine, Thomas (c. 1290-1349)
• Dumbleton, John (ca.1310-ca.1349)
• Grosseteste, Robert (c. 1175-1253)
• Heytesbury, William of
• Insolubilia
• Liar paradox
• Mean speed theorem
• Ockham, William of (1285-1350)
• Oresme, Nicole (c. 1323-1382)
• Oxford Calculators
• Philoponus, John (ca. 490-ca. 570)
• Swineshead, Richard (fl. c. 1340-1354)

^ SCIHIST

MEDICINE, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
also see.. Dentistry, §MEDICINE§

Ancient Medicine/Medicina Antiqua, Links by The Episcopal Academy
Historical Images Search: The National Library Of Medicine, NIH, Maryland
History of Biomedicine Library

History of the Health Sciences Section of the Medical Library Association: History of the Health Sciences Links
• Bibliographie/Chronologies/Histories
• History of Diseases
• Important Figures in Health Sciences Their Lives and Works
• Links Pages

History of Medicine
Insects & Human Society altered governments, changed major battles, shaped history

Introduction to Virology Use It!

Course BS109: Introduction to Microbiology, U Leicester

Intute.ac.uk Use It!

best websites for study & research
• MedHist history of medicine & allied sciences, Links to evaluated quality websites

Historians of Pharmacy Email Directory
Images from the History of Medicine: U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
Lycos search: folk medicine medieval
Lycos search: history of medicine

Medicine and Biology Ancient Theories, Modern Bodies: Vatican Exhibit Main Hall:
• from... Information Technologies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)

Medicine through Time: BBC learning

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine
• Dream Anatomy 1500 to the present, Site Map
º Timeline

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine
• Images from the History of Medicine Use It!

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Medical History Vols. 1 to 54; 1957 to 2010

Nobel e-Museum - Medicine
Oxford Journals: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Science Museum UK: History of Medicine Use It!

• Themes & Topics
• Timeline

Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
History of Medicine University of Iowa and the NLM
Thackray Museum medical history museum

U Florida, Medical Information Server
• History of Medicine

U Leicester, Microbiology & Immunology
• Online Tutorials

Wikipedia (People)
• al-Baitar, Ibn (1197-1248) recorded Islamic discoveries, added 300-400 medicine types
• Alzheimer, Alois (1864-1915)
º Alzheimer's disease identified 1st published case of presenile dementia
• Avicenna (c.980-1037)
º The Book of Healing 1020
º The Canon of Medicine 1025
• Banting, Frederick (1891-1941) one of the main discoverers of insulin for diabetes
• Berger, Hans (1873-1941) 1st to record human electroencephalograms (EEGs) 1924
• Bethune, Norman (1890-1939) first mobile blood-transfusion service
• Billroth, Theodor (1829-1894) modern abdominal surgery
• Blundell, James (physician) (1791-1878) 1st successful blood transfusion 1799
• Davy, Humphry (1778-1829) anesthetic nitrous oxide
• de Chauliac, Guy (ca.1300–1368)
º Chirurgia Magna 1363 guide of surgery & practical medicine
• Dioscorides, Pedanius (ca.40—90 AD)
º Materia medica pharmacopeia
• Eijkman, Christiaan (1858–1930) demonstration beriberi is caused by poor diet, leading to discovery of vitamins
• Einthoven, Willem (1860-1927)
º Electrocardiography#History
• Elmqvist, Rune (1906–1996) 1st artificial implantable cardiac pacemaker 1958
• Falloppio, Gabriele (1523-1562) anatomy of the head
º Fallopian tube
• Fernel, Jean (1497–1558) first to describe the spinal canal; coined the term the term physiology
• Fleming, Alexander (1881-1955) discovery of the enzyme lysozyme & penicillin
• Fabricius, Hieronymus (1537–1619) anatomist, surgeon, father of embryology
• Galen (129–199/217)
º Galenic formulation
• Jacobaeus, Hans Christian (1879-1937)
º Laparoscopic surgery#History
• Hahnemann, Samuel (1755-1843) opposed bloodletting, founds homeopathy
• Halsted, William Stewart (1852-1922) radical mastectomy for breast cancer, champion of anesthetics
• Harvey, William (1578-1657) circulation of blood
• Hippocrates (c.460–c.370 BC)
º Hippocratic Oath
• Hopkins, Frederick Gowland (1861-1947) discovery of vitamins & lack causes scurvy & rickets; discovered tryptophan
• Horsley, Victor (1857-1916) invented stereotactic method
º Horsley-Clarke apparatus
• Hunter, John (surgeon) (1728–1793) friend & collaborator with Edward Jenner
• Imhotep (ca.2650-2600 BC)
• Insulin therapy#History
• Jenner, Edward (1749-1823) inventor of the smallpox vaccine
• Koch, Robert (1843-1910) germ theory of disease
º Koch's postulates 4 criteria for microbe/disease causal relationship
• Laennec, René (1781-1826) invents stethoscope 1816
• Larrey, Dominique Jean (1766-1842) pioneered practice of Triage
• Lind, James (1716-1794) first clinical trial, citrus fruits for scurvy
• Landsteiner, Karl (1868-1943) distinguished main blood groups through agglutinins 1900
• Lister, Joseph, 1st Baron Lister (1827-1912) pioneer of antiseptic surgery
º Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery
• Mellanby, Edward (1884-1955) discovered vitamin D for prevention of rickets 1919
• Paré,Ambroise (c. 1510-1590) surgical techniques, battlefield medicine, wound treatment, anatomist, surgical instrument inventor
• Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895) germ theory of disease, anthrax & rabies vaccines
• Physick, Philip Syng (1768-1837) pioneered stomach pump use, regular autopsy use, excelled in cataract surgery, surgical instrument designer
• Pirogov, Nikolay Ivanovich (1810-1881) one of the first European surgeons to use anaesthetic ether, developed a plaster cast technique
• Rogerius (physician) (<1140–c.1195) first to use the term lupus
• Rontgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923) X-ray medical imaging 1895
• Sabin, Albert (1906-1993) an oral polio vaccine
• Sakel, Manfred (1900-1957) developed insulin shock therapy 1927
• Salk, Jonas (1914-1995) discovery/development 1st safe/effective polio vaccine
• Servetus, Michael (1511-1553) first European to describe correct function of pulmonary circulation, burned at stake for heresy
• Tulp, Nicolaes (1593-1674) Pharmacopoea Amstelredamensis 1636, 1st pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam
• van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie (1632-1723) 1st microbiologist, used thin glass thread fusing
• Vesalius, Andreas (1514-1564)
º De humani corporis fabrica
• Wagner-Jauregg, Julius (1857-1940)
º Pyrotherapy
• Walter, William Grey (1910-1977) invented brain EEG topography (toposcope)
• Zhang Zhongjing (150-219)
º Shang Han Lun Treatise on Cold Injury
• Zuhr, Ibn (1091–1161)

Wikipedia
º Category:History of anatomy
º Category:History of medieval medicine
º Category:History of medicine
º Category:Medicine timelines
º Category:Patent medicines
º Timeline of medicine and medical technology
º Timeline of microscope technology
• al-Nafis, Ibn (1213-?) 1st description of pulmonary & coronary circulation, concept of metabolism
• al-Zahrawi, Abu al-Qasim (936–1013)
• Analgesic
• Anatomical theatre
• Ancient Egyptian medicine
• Ancient Greek medicine
• Ancient Iranian Medicine
• Antiseptic
• Artificial cardiac pacemaker#History
• Asprin#History 1897
• Babylonia#Medicine
• Battlefield medicine
• Black Death
• Bloodletting
• Byzantine medicine
• Diphtheria#History
• Electrocardiography#History
• Electroencephalogram#History
• Embryology#History
• Father of modern surgery
• Germ theory of disease
• History of anatomy
º History of anatomy in the 19th century
• History of aspirin
• History of emerging infectious diseases
• History of medical diagnosis
• History of medicine
• History of neurology
• History of optics
• History of pathology
• History of penicillin
• History of smallpox
• History of surgery
• History of wound care
• Humorism
º Four temperaments
• Insulin shock therapy#Origins
• International Society for the History of Medicine
• Laparoscopic surgery#History
• Medicine in ancient Rome
º Medical community of ancient Rome
• Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
º Prophetic medicine
• Medical Renaissance
• Medieval medicine
• Microscope#History
º Optical microscope#History
• Organ transplantation#History
• Panacea (medicine)
• Patent medicine
• Pharmacopeia#History
• Placebo in history
• Polio vaccine#Development
º History of poliomyelitis
• Prehistoric medicine
• Pulmonary circulation#History
• Pyrotherapy
• Smallpox vaccine
º History of smallpox
• Tetanus#History
• Timeline of antibiotics
• Timeline of medicine and medical technology
• Traditional Chinese medicine#History
• Tuberculosis#History
• Vital heat
• Women in medicine
• Yellow Fever#History

WorldOrtho.com, History of Orthopaedics by Vlasios Brakoulias

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-History Use It!

History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
º Hippocrates and Greek Medicine
º Galen--The Last Great Alexandrian
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
º Arabian Medicine
º Arabian Hospitals
º Thirteenth-Century Medicine
º Fifteenth-Century Medicine
º From Paracelsus to Harvey
º The Great Anatomists
º The Coming of Harvey
º Leeuwenhoek Discovers Bacteria
º Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
º Thomas Sydenham
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
º Anatomy and Physiology in the Nineteenth Century
º Bichat and the Bodily Tissues
º Lister and the Perfected Microscope
º Blood Corpuscles, Muscles, and Glands
º Eighteenth-Century Medicine
º Animists, Vitalists, and Organicists
º The System of Hahnemann
º Jenner and Vaccination
º Nineteenth-Century Medicine
º Parasitic Diseases
º Painless Surgery
º Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease
º Experiments with Grape Sugar
º Foreign Organisms and the Wort of Beer
º Lister and Antiseptic Surgery
º Preventive Inoculation
º Serum-Therapy
º Functions of the Nerves
º The Brain As the Organ of Mind
º The Minute Structure of the Brain

WWW Virtual Library: History of Science, Technology & Medicine

^ SCIHIST

METALLURGY, MINING
also see.. MATERIALS, Steam Engine

Life Force at the Anvil, The Blacksmith's Art from Africa; with Asian-African historical notes
• from ArtMetal.com (the ArtMetal Village)
• Homes & Furnaces
• First Furnaces
• 500 B.C.
• Colonialization
• Recycled Art
• Earth's Blood
• Birth from earth, air, fire, water

Basic facts about stainless steel International Iron and Steel Institute
A History of Welding & A History of Brazing from A History of Thermal Joining by Mark Sapp
Early Iron in China, Korea, and Japan
The Earliest Use of Iron in China: Metals in Antiquity, smelting, cast iron as a Chinese invention
Wikipedia
º Category:History of mining
• Agricola, Georgius (1494-1555) Georg Pawer
º De re metallica
• Gold panning
• Hydraulic mining
• Metallurgy
• Mining
(History) • Placer mining
• Pliny the Elder
º Natural History (Pliny) (Metallurgy)
• Quartz reef mining
• Reverse overshot water-wheel

^ SCIHIST

MULTIPLE DISCOVERIES
also see.. §BRAIN§, §Creativity§

Wikipedia
• List of multiple discoveries
• Collective consciousness
• Conformity
• Creativity
• Genius
• Great Man theory
• Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
• Historic recurrence
• Intelligence
º Artificial intelligence
• Matthew effect
• Mind
• Multiple discovery
• Swarm intelligence
• Unconscious mind
• Universal mind

^ SCIHIST

MUSEUMS
History of Science: Museums, memorials, historical places and exhibits
History of Science Museum IMSS Multimedia Catalogue
History of Science Museum, Florence
History of Science: Museums
IMSS - History of Science Museum - Multimedia Catalogue
History of Science Museums, memorials, historical & exhibits

Linda Hall Library: History of Science Collection
• Online Exhibitions

Museum of Physics, U Naples, Italy, SiteMap
• Collections

SJSU Virtual Museum: San Jose State U History of Mathematics, Science, & Technology
Mathematical Museum, The History Wing: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin
Museum of the History of Science Oxford
The Museum of the History of Science (Hooke) U Oxford
The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester:
The National Museum of Science and Industry: UK
OU History of Science Collections Oklahoma U Libraries, About
Oxfordshire Museums
University of Toronto Museum of Scientific Instruments

^ SCIHIST

MUSIC & RECORDED SOUND
also see.. §MUSIC (History)§

Camden, New Jersey, and the History of Recorded Sound
Tim Gracyk's Home Page articles about phonographs & old records

^ SCIHIST

NAVIGATION, MARITIME, NAUTICAL
also see.. §MARITIME & NAVIGATION§

Art of Age of Sail custom hand-building fine ship models & half-hulls
• Terminology from the Age of Sail with images

Lost at Sea - The Search for Longitude: PBS-NOVA, time as the basis of navigation

The Maritime History Virtual Archives Use It!

by Lars Bruzelius ( Bruzelius.info )
• Images
• Maritime Etymology
• Maritime History
• Museums
• Naval History
• Rigging, Masting, and Sailmaking
• Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture
• Shipmodels
• Ships
• Societies

Naval Historical Center U.S. Department of the Navy
SolarNavigator.net renewable energy technology, boat design & marine history

Wikipedia
º Category:Celestial navigation
º Category:History of transportation
º Category:Maritime history
º Category:Navigation
º Category:Navigational equipment
º Category:Tides
• Age of Discovery
• Age of Sail
• Alidade
• Astrolabe
• Backstaff
• Celestial navigation
• Chip log
• Christopher Columbus
º Voyages of Christopher Columbus
• Clock, Star clock
• Compass
• Concrete ship
º Ferrocement
º Lambot, Joseph-Louis
• Dead reckoning
• Dividers
• History of longitude
• History of navigation
• History of timekeeping devices
• Hourglass
• Intercept method
• Jacob's staff
• Kamal
• Latitude
• Longitude
º Longitude by chronometer
• Magnetic declination
• Marine chronometer
• Mariner's astrolabe
• Maritime history
º Ancient maritime history
º Maritime history of Europe
º Maritime history of Scotland
• The Nautical Almanac
• Nautical chart
• Navigation
º History of navigation
• Navigational instrument
• Navigational stars
• Navigational transit
• Nocturnal (instrument)
• Octant (instrument)
• Parallel rulers
• Pelorus (instrument)
• Quadrant (instrument)
• Reflecting instrument
• Sextant
• Ship measurements
• Submarine
º History of submarines
• Sundial
• Time
• Whaling
º History of whaling

^ SCIHIST

NEWS & PUBLICATIONS
ISIS Journal of history of science, medicine, and technology, & cultural influences

^ SCIHIST

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Nobel Laureates in Physics 1901 - 1997

^ SCIHIST

NUCLEAR SCIENCE, ATOMIC ENERGY
The Atomic Archive history of nuclear power and the atomic bomb with biographies, timeline

^ SCIHIST

OPTICS
also see.. §ART (Optics)§, Astronomy, Electromagnetism, §Optics (PHYSICS)§, §Optics (VISION)§, §PHOTOGRAPHY (Optics)§, Vision

BrightBytes.com
• The Magic Mirror of Life: An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
• D.A. Woodward, Photographic Educator and Inventor

Connexions
• Galileo's Telescope

Google Books (Public Domain)
• The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light, and Colours (1772) by Joseph Priestley

Google Books
• David C. Lindberg
º Theories of Vision from Al-kindi to Kepler (1981)
• Descartes and the Hyperbolic Quest Lens Making Machines and Their Significance in the 17th Century, D. Graham Burnett
• Renaissance vision from spectacles to telescopes (2007) by Vincent Ilardi

A History of Light and Lighting by Bill Williams

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural Philosophy Use It!

• Optics

Mechanical Engineering Magazine
• Clear As Glass history of lens making and lathes

MuslimHeritage.com
• Taqi al-Din ibn Ma´ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision

Natural Magick The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta, i.e., Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)
• Book 17 Of Strange Glasses

Pbs.org
• 400 Years of the Telescope
º Glass & Mirrors Toolkit

Scientus.org
• Telescope Timeline & Timeline of the Telescope

Spinoza's Ethics, A Polished Lens, About
• Spinoza's Foci

Wikipedia
º Category:Astronomers
º Category:Microscopes
º Category:Microscopists
º Category:Microscopy
º Category:Optical physicists
º Category:Optics
º Category:Telescopes
º List of astronomical instrument makers
º Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
º Timeline of microscope technology
º Timeline of photography technology
º Timeline of telescope technology
• Birefringence light ray decomposition into two rays when passing through some anisotropic materials
• David Brewster (1781-1868)
º Kaleidoscope
• Camera lucida ( see also Hockney-Falco thesis )
• Camera obscura
• Claude glass or black mirrors abstracted reflected image, reducing/simplifying colour & tonal range, giving painterly quality
• Fraunhofer, Joseph von (1787-1826)
º Diffraction grating
º Fraunhofer lines
• Fresnel, Augustin (1788-1827)
º Fresnel lens
• della Porta, Giambattista perfected the camera obscura
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
• Glasses
º History of eyeglasses
• Gregory, James (mathematician) (1638-1675)
º Diffraction grating
• History of optics
º Lenses and Lensmaking
• History of photography
º Daguerre, Louis
º Nicéphore Niépce
º Schulze, Johann Heinrich
• History of the telescope
• Hockney-Falco thesis
• Hooke, Robert (1635-1703)
º Micrographia
• Kaleidoscope
• Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1039): Book of Optics
• Lens (optics): History
º Nimrud lens (Assyrian palace of Nimrud, Iraq) 3000 year old rock crystal for magnification or burning
º Visby lenses (Viking island of Gotland, Sweden) 11th or 12th century manufactured bi-aspheric lens-shaped rock crystal (quartz)
• Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van
• Liebig, Justus von (1803-1873) invented a process for silvering mirrors
• Light (also see speed of light)
• Magic lantern or Slide projector
• Microscope
• Newton, Isaac (1643-1727)
• Optical microscope (History)
• Perspective (graphical)
• Photoelasticity experimental method to determine stress distribution
• Pinhole camera
• Speed of light
º Ole Romer, Rømer's determination of the speed of light
• Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677)
• Steinheil, Carl August von (1801-1870)
º invented photometers to measure brightness
• Stereoscopy
• Telescope
º Gregorian telescope
º Newtonian telescope
º Reflecting telescope
• van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni (1632-1723) early microscopist, father of microbiology
• Wollaston, William Hyde (1766-1828) inventor of the camera lucida
• Young, Thomas (scientist) (1773-1829)
• Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) inventor of the stereoscope
º Pseudoscope reverses depth perception
º Stereoscopy
• Carl Zeiss (1816-1888) lens manufacturing contributions

^ SCIHIST

PHILOSOPHY (of Science)
also see.. §PHILOSOPHY (Philosophy of Science)§

History of Philosophy of Science Working Group research group, Links, Forum Archives ( Search )

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
º Category: Philosophy of Science
• Aristotle: Motion and its Place in Nature
• Carnap, Rudolf (1891—1970)
• The Causal Role of Functional Explanation
• Conflicts Between Science and Religion
• Hempel, Carl Gustav (1905—1997)
• History of Evolution
• Laws of Nature
• Leibniz: Causation
• Meyerson, Emile (1859—1933)
• Models
• Natural Law
• Poincare, Jules Henri (1854-1912)
• Popper, Karl and Critical Rationalism
• Proper Time, Coordinate Systems, Lorentz Transformations
• Quine’s Philosophy of Science
• Reichenbach, Hans (1891—1953)
• Nicholas Rescher (1928)
• Theories of Explanation
• Time
• Time Supplement
º What Is an Event?
• Vienna Circle
• What Science Requires of Time
• Zeno’s Paradoxes

Norman Swartz - Biography from Simon Fraser U
• Books, Lectures and Other Materials written by Norman Swartz
• The Concept of Physical Law by Norman Swartz free book download (pdf)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Aristotle's Natural Philosophy
• Descartes' Life and Works
• Einstein's Philosophy of Science
• Kuhn, Thomas (1922–1996)
• Ernst Mach (1838-1916)
• Newton's Views on Space, Time, and Motion
• Popper, Karl (1902-1994)
• Quine, Willard van Orman (1908–2000)
• Scientific Progress
• Scientific Realism
• Scientific Revolutions
• Vienna Circle

Wikipedia
• Kuhn, Thomas Samuel (1922-1996)
º The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
• Popper, Karl (1902-1994)

^ SCIHIST

PHOTOGRAPHS

Google Images
• Albert Einstein source:life

Life Magazine

^ SCIHIST

PHYSICS
also see.. Astronomy & Cosmology, Masters of Science, Mechanics, Physical Laws, §PHYSICS§, Thermodynamics

Centuries of Astronomy Astronomy in Denmark Erling Poulsen by Erling Poulsen
• The history of a velocity

Albert Einstein Online
American Institute of Physics (AIP) Center for History of Physics bios, photos: American Institute of Physics
Center for History of Physics: American Institute of Physics
CERN Historical and Scientific Archives: CERN Scientific Information Service
A Concise History of Thermodynamics overview from biography of J. Willard Gibbs: permission Yale U
Contributions of Physics to The Information Age by Ian Bindloss: UCLA Dept Physics & Astronomy
The Discovery of Radioactivity: Diamond Bar High School Teachers' Home Page:
Electromagnetism Timeline
Forum on the History of Physics: The American Physical Society

Galileo and Einstein with Greek contributions, Newton, experiments, applets by Michael Fowler, U Virginia
• Two New Sciences, Selections from Two New Sciences

Galileo's invention of the pendulum clock IMSS Catalogue
The Galileo Project: Rice U

GAP - Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a System for Computational Discrete Algebra
• History Topics: Mathematical Physics Index Use It!

Google Books
• A Treatise of the System of the World, Sir Isaac Newton (1728)

History of Crystallography: British Crystallographic Association
The History of High-Energy Astrophysics: NASA HEASARC
History and Philosophy of Physics Links
History of Physics: Net Advance of Physics, Links
History of Physics Exhibits and Source Materials: American Institute of Physics
History of Physics Group: Institute of Physics
Invention of the Laser at Bell Laboratories: 1958-1998 with Arthur Schawlow & Charles Townes bios

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Links
• Digital Archive
• Exhibits and Learning
• Galileo, Galilean Digital Library, Galileo Galilei's Notes on Motion, Galilaeana Journal of Galilean Studies
• Library and Archives
• Online Resources

Jose Wudka, U California, Riverside, Physics: Physics 7
• From Antiquity to Einstein

Laser History (1917-1996): Laser Starts

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, U St Andrews, Mathematical Physics Index:
• Orbits & Gravitation
• General & Special Relativity
• Quantum Age

MathPages.com
• History
• Physics
• Reflections on Relativity online book

Maxwell, J. Clerk MATTER and MOTION

Michael S. Mahoney's Translations Use It!

The Program in History of Science at Princeton U:
• On the Motion Of Bodies Resulting from Impact, Christiaan Huygens
• Principles of Philosophy On Motion, Rene Descartes
• The World or Treatise on Light by Rene Descartes

Michael S. Mahoney, The Program in History of Science at Princeton U
• Articles on 17th-Century Science Use It!

º The Beginnings of Algebraic Thought in the Seventeenth Century
º Calculation - Thinking - Computational Thinking 17th-Century Perspectives on Computational Science
º Charting the Globe and Tracking the Heavens: Navigation and the Sciences in the Early Modern Era
º Christian Huygens: The Measurement of Time and of Longitude at Sea
º Diagrams and Dynamics Mathematical Perspectives on Edgerton's Thesis
º Drawing Mechanics
º Infinitesimals and Transcendent Relations: the Mathematics of Motion in the Late Seventeenth Century
º The Mathematical Realm of Nature
º Sketching Science in the Seventeenth Century
• Reading a Machine Classroom Projects for Exploring Science and Technology

Newtonia Sir Isaac Newton: newton.org.uk
Nobel e-Museum - Physics
The Particle Physics Adventure

PBS: NOVA
• Galileo's Battle for the Heavens

Physics 7: Relativity and Cosmology development
Physics 2000 ( Applets) interactive journey through modern physics: U Colorado, Boulder
Physics and Astronomy People and Discoveries biographies & narratives
Physics Faces images from Tom Michalik, Randolph College

Physics History Finding Aids:
•from.. Int'l Catalog of Sources search (ICOS), Niels Bohr Library Resources - Search the Catalogs

Physics Museum: U Queensland, Au
Physics Time-Line: weburbia.demon.co.uk
Physics Time-Line: weburbia.com
PhysicsWeb Reference/History
PhysLink.com Physics and Astronomy Education - History Links, Education, Ask the Experts
Resources of the Niels Bohr Library history of physics & allied fields
THE RICE SCHOOL WebNaissance Pages Middle School Lessons based upon the life of Galileo
Statistical Mechanics Timeline: U Colorado

Wikipedia
º Category:History of physics
º Category:History of science by discipline
º Category:History of thermodynamics
º Category:Physics timelines
º History of the battery
º History of the Big Bang theory
º History of classical mechanics
º History of electromagnetic theory
º History of fluid mechanics
º History of general relativity
º History of quantum field theory
º History of quantum mechanics
º History of gravitational theory
º History of loop quantum gravity
º History of Lorentz transformations
º History of materials science
º History of molecular theory
º History of optics
º History of the periodic table
º History of physics
º History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses
º History of special relativity
º History of string theory
º History of superconductivity
º History of thermodynamics
º History of variational principles in physics
º Timeline of chemical elements discoveries
º Timeline of classical mechanics
º Timeline of electromagnetic theory
• Aristotelian physics
• Atomism
º Atomic theory
º Birth cries of atoms
º Bohr model
º Democritus (460-370 BC) pupil of Leucippus
º Plum pudding model
º Leucippus (5th century BCE)
º Rutherford model
• Avicenna (physics section)
• Bernoulli, Daniel (1773-1829)
• Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
• Caloric theory
• Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
• Clausius, Rudolf (1822-1888)
• Clockwork universe theory
• Conservation of energy (History)
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
º Copernican Revolution
º Heliocentrism
• Corpuscular theory of light
• Correspondence principle
• Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
º The World (Descartes)
• Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
º Einstein Papers Project
º General relativity
º Principle of relativity
º Special relativity
º Theory of relativity
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
º The Assayer
º Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
º Galilean invariance
º Galileo affair
• Gibbs, Willard (1839-1903)
• Golden age of cosmology
• Golden age of general relativity
• Golden age of physics
• Hamilton, William Rowan (1805-1865)
º Hamiltonian mechanics
º Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
• Heliocentrism
• Hooke, Robert (1635-1703)
• Horror vacui (physics)
• Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
º Huygens-Fresnel principle wave theory of light
• Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
• Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813)
º Lagrangian mechanics
• Leibniz, Gottfried (1646-1716)
• Lorentz, Hendrik (1853-1928)
º History of Lorentz transformations
º Lorentz ether theory
º Lorentz force
• Luminiferous aether
• Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
º A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field 1865
º Electromagnetic wave equation
º On Physical Lines of Force
º Maxwell's equations
• The Mechanical Universe 52-part telecourse
• Mechanics
º Classical mechanics (Newtonian mechanics)
º Hamiltonian mechanics
º History of classical mechanics
º Lagrangian mechanics
• Mechanical equivalent of heat
• Mechanical explanations of gravitation
• Momentum (History of the concept)
• Natural philosophy
• Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)
º Newtonian dynamics
º Newton's laws of motion
º Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
• Nicole Oresme (1320-1382)
• Principle of least action
• Progress of Theoretical Physics
• Relativity
º Frame of reference
º Galilean invariance
º
º General relativity
º Principle of relativity
º Special relativity
º Theory of relativity
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937) father of nuclear physics
º Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
º Rutherford model of the atom
º Rutherford scattering
• Schrodinger, Erwin (1887-1961)
• Stoic physics
• Theory of impetus
• Thomson, William Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
• Waterston, John James (1811-1883)
• Wave-particle duality
• Young, Thomas (scientist) (1773-1829)
º Young's interference experiment

The X-ray Century Roentgen's papers and interviews, excerpts, diagrams, photos...

^ SCIHIST

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS
also see.. Math, Thermodynamics

Electronic Journal for History of Probability and Statistics
• Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics

^ SCIHIST

PRINTING
Wikipedia
• History of printing
• Intaglio (printmaking)
• Letterpress printing
• Lithography
• Movable type
• Offset printing
• Printing press
• Relief print
• Wood engraving

^ SCIHIST

PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM, GEOCENTRISM, EARTH CENTERED UNIVERSE
also see.. Heliocentrism

Wikipedia
• Aristotle, Aristotelian physics, Physics (Aristotle)
• Celestial spheres, Celestial sphere, Firmament, Fixed stars
• Eudoxus of Cnidus
• Geocentric model
• Greek astronomy
• Ptolemy
• Quintessence (physics)
•
• Solar system model
• Tycho Brahe, Tychonic system

^ SCIHIST

QUOTES
The Mathematical Quotations Server Furman U
A Short Dictionary of Scientific Quotations alphabetically by person
Wikiquote
º Category:Science
º Physics
• Bohr, Niels (1885-1962)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)
• Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
• Eddington, Arthur Stanley
• Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
• Feynman, Richard (1918-1988)
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
• Hawking, Stephen (1942-)
• Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
• Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)
• Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)
• Planck, Max (1858-1947)
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
• Socrates (470-399 BC)
• Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677)
• Young, Thomas (scientist) (1773-1829)

^ SCIHIST

RADIO
also see.. Electromagnetism

Wikipedia
º History of radio
• Audion tube
• Cat's-whisker detector
• Control grid
• De Forest, Lee (1873-1961) invented the Audion (Vacuum) tube amplifier
• Electromagnetism
• Hertz, Heinrich
• Hughes, David E. (1831-1900))
• Invention of radio
• Institute of Radio Engineers
• Marconi, Guglielmo
• Maxwell, James Clerk
• Modulation
• Tesla, Nikola (1856-1943)
• Triode
• Radio (History)
• Radio waves
• Wireless telegraphy

^ SCIHIST

RAILROADS

PBS.org: American Experience
• Transcontinental Railroad
º Transcript

U Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library (DRL)
• Image Collections
º Library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx

Wikipedia
• Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway
• First Transcontinental Railroad
• Transcontinental railroad

^ SCIHIST

RELATIVITY
also see.. §Relativity§

Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity Use It!

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler, Use It!

Overview and Lecture Index:
• Speed of Light
• Michelson-Morley Experiment
• Special Relativity: What Time is it?, Synchronizing Clocks
• Time Dilation: A Worked Example More Relativity: the Train and the Twins
• Adding Velocities: A Walk on the Train
• Conserving Momentum: the Relativistic Mass Increase
• Using History to Teach Science

^ SCIHIST

RELIGIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS
Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 exhibit of scientific works

Wikipedia
• Wiseman, Nicholas (1802-1865)

^ SCIHIST

RENAISSANCE
Archives of historical-scientific interest in Tuscany

The Art of Renaissance Science: McMurry University

Bacon, Francis: Virginia Tech OnLine Books
The Galileo Project: Rice U

Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence Galileo & Leonardo
• Digital Library

McMurry U
• Galileo
º The Art of Renaissance Science Must See!

Natural Magick The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta, i.e., Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)
Renaissance Science: Malespina Great Books - Science Centre
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543)

^ SCIHIST

RENEWABLE (GREEN) ENERGY
also see.. §ENERGY§

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
• Wind Power

Wikipedia
º Category:Renewable energy
º Category:Watermills
º Category:Water power
º Category:Wind power
º Timeline of hydrogen technologies
• Fuel cell#History
• History of the electric vehicle
• History of wind power
• Hydroelectricity#History
• Renewable energy#History
• Watermill
• Water wheel
• Wave motor
• Hydropower#History
• Windmill
• Windpump
• Wind turbine

^ SCIHIST

SCIENCE STUDIES

Google Books
• John William Draper
º History of the conflict between religion and science 1878
• Snow, C. P.
• Gould, Stephen Jay
º The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox: Mending the Gap between Science and the Humanities

Project Gutenberg
• History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom by Andrew Dickson White

RichardDawkins.net

Wikipedia
º Category:Science studies
º Category:Sociology of scientific knowledge
• Brockman, John (1941-)
º The Third Culture
• Comte, Auguste (1798-1857) a founder of sociology and the doctrine of positivism
• Conflict thesis
• Constructivist epistemology
• Creationism
º History of creationism
• Gould, Stephen Jay (1941-2002)
º The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox
º Non-overlapping magisteria
º Rocks of Ages
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)
º Realphilosophie
• History and philosophy of science
• History of science and technology
• Latour, Bruno (1947-)
º Mapping controversies
• Levitt, Norman (1943-2009)
º Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science
• Numbers, Ronald (1942-)
º The Creationists
• Philosophy of science
º Epistemology
º Nominalism
º Ontology
º Platonic realism
º Positivism
• Postmodernism
• Relationship between religion and science
• Rhetoric of science
• Science studies
• Science and technology studies
• Science wars
• Scientific realism
• Social constructionism
• Sociology of scientific knowledge
º Strong Programme
• Snow, C. P.
º The Two Cultures
• Sokal, Alan
º Social Text journal to which Sokal contributed his parody
º Sokal affair
• E. O. Wilson (1929-)
º Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge 1998

^ SCIHIST

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Wikipedia
• Deductive-nomological model
• History of scientific method

^ SCIHIST

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Scientific Revolution Home Page
• from Professor Robert A. Hatch, U Florida, Dept History

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543)
• Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642)
• Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630)
• Kuhn, Thomas (1922–1996)
• Popper, Karl (1902-1994)

Wikipedia
º Category:History of science
º Category:Philosophy of science
º Category:Scientific revolution
• Kuhn, Thomas Samuel (1922-1996)
º The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
• Science in the Age of Enlightenment
• Science and Civilisation in China
• Scientific method (History)
• Scientific revolution

^ SCIHIST

SHIPS
Ancient Greek Methods of Boating and Sailing Kenny McMahon & Nick Chadha

^ SCIHIST

SIMON STEVIN

MathPages.com
• Wonder En Is Gheen Wonder

Wikipedia
• Simon Stevin (~1548-1620)

^ SCIHIST

SOLAR ENERGY

Wikipedia
º Category:Solar energy
º Timeline of solar cells
• Solar energy
• Solar power

^ SCIHIST

SPACE TRAVEL
History of Astronomy and Space Science Links
History of NASA
History of Space Exploration: PlanetScapes.com
NASA History Timeline
Space History: NASA

^ SCIHIST

SPECTROSCOPY
also see.. §CHEMISTRY§, §PHYSICS§

Electrons in Atoms: Table of Contents
• A Brief (Incomplete) History of Light and Spectra

History of Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic Timeline
Wikipedia
• Bunsen, Robert
• Gustav Kirchhoff
• Stokes, Sir George, 1st Baronet anticipated a portion of Kirchhoff's findings

^ SCIHIST

STEAM ENGINE
also see.. Thermodynamics, §Thermodynamics (ENGINEERING)§

BBC: History, British History in-depth Beam Engine & Beam Engine Animation James Watt's

Carl Lira, Michigan State U Engineering: Brief History of the Steam Engine Use It!

with demonstration videos
• Newcomen Atmospheric Engine Description
• The Savery Pump
• Vacuum Demonstrations
• Watt Atmospheric Engine Description
• Watt's Famous Experiment of the Separate Condenser

Engines of Our Ingenuity National Public Radio program
• English Romanticism Scientists/Technologists
• The First American Steam Engine No. 1085
• Steam Across the Atlantic No. 550
• Steam Engines in England No. 69
• The Steam Navy No. 2322

Google Books
• Dickinson, Henry Winram
º Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works
• Galloway, Elijah
º History of the Steam Engine: from its First Invention to the Present Time
• Thurston, Robert H.
º A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine 1896
º Robert Fulton: His Life and its Results
• Westcott, Thompson
º Life of John Fitch: the Inventor of the Steam-boat

HollowellSteam.com: Watt Animation Steam Engine

Steamboats on the Hudson: An American Saga from the New York State Library

Rumseian Society
• How The Steamboat Works
• The Rumseian Experiment
º YouTube Videos
º The Rumseian Experiment
• Rumsey Rotary Steam Engine

Shepherdstown Public Library
• James Rumsey 1743-1792 water-jet propelled steamboat

Steam Engine Library Use It!

from U Rochester, History Resources
• James Watt by Andrew Carnegie
• James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall
• The Miners Friend or an engine to raise water by fire, by Thomas Savery
• Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat (1825) by Sadi Carnot, as translated by Dr. Robert H. Thurston, 1890
• Reminiscences of James Watt
• Robert Fulton His Life and its Results
• The Steam Turbine by Sir Charles A. Parsons

Wikipedia (People)
º Category:Steam engine engineers
• Boulton, Matthew
• Fitch, John (inventor) (1743-1798) 1st builder of American steam engine and steamboat
• Fulton, Robert (1765-1815)
• Henry, William (gunsmith) early steamboat experiments
• Hero of Alexandria
º Aeolipile (Hero engine)
• Hornblower, Jonathan
º Compound engine
• Murdoch, William (1754-1839) steam carriage
• Newcomen, Thomas
º Newcomen steam engine
• Parsons, Charles Algernon (steam turbine inventor)
• Rumsey, James (1743–1792)
• Savery, Thomas
• Stumpf, Johann (engineer)
º Uniflow steam engine
• Symington, William (1764–1831) builder a practical steamboat
º Charlotte Dundas
• Torricelli, Evangelista first vacuum
• Trevithick, Richard
º high pressure steam engine (strong steam) & railway steam locomotive
• Watt, James
º Watt steam engine (with Boulton)

Wikipedia (Steam Technology)
º Category:Beam engines
º Category:Industrial Revolution
º Category:Stationary steam engines
º Category:Steam engines
º Category:Paddle steamers
º Category:Steam vehicles
º Index of steam energy articles
º Advanced steam technology
• Aeolipile
• Beam engine
• Boiler (steam generator)
• Compound engine
º Compound locomotive
º Vauclain compound
• Cornish engine beam engine using higher pressure steam than Watt
• Flywheel
• Heat engine
• high pressure steam engine (strong steam) & railway steam locomotive
• History of the steam engine
• History of thermodynamics
• Man engine transported men out of shafts
• Marine steam engine
• Newcomen steam engine
• Pumpjack
• Reciprocating motion
º Reciprocating engine
• Solar thermal energy
• Stationary steam engine
• Steam
• Steam accumulator
• Steamboat
• Steam Driven Machines/Devices
º Autoclave
º Marine steam engine
º Pressure cooking
º Stationary steam engine
º Steam aircraft
º Steamboat
º Steam car
º Steam digester steam-release valve developed for Papin's digester to prevent explosions, inspired the piston-cylinder steam engine
º Steam engine
• Steam explosion
º Steam generator (nuclear power)
º Steam locomotive
º Fireless locomotive
º Steam cannon
º Steam rocket
º Steamroller
º Steam tank
º Steam tractor
º Steam tricycle
º Steam turbine
º Traction engine
• Steam locomotive
• Steam turbine
• Uniflow steam engine
• Vacuum created from steam condensation utilized atmospheric pressure to drive early steam engines
º Horror vacui (physics)
• Watt steam engine (with Boulton)

^ SCIHIST

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
also see.. Engineering

Fracture: MSE 2094 Class Project Contents ( Without Frames )
• History and Brief Introduction of Fracture

Wikipedia (persons)
• Griffith, Alan Arnold stress & fracture in metals: metal fatigue
• Irwin, George Rankine fracture mechanics & strength of materials
• Noll, Walter

Wikipedia
• Category:History of engineering
• History of engineering
• History of structural engineering Use It!

• Concrete-History

^ SCIHIST

TECHNOLOGY
also see.. Engineering, §ENGINEERING-Invention§

Basic facts about stainless steel International Iron and Steel Institute
Brief History of Technology Regent U
Brief History of Technology in Japan: ICT, Inc. Prehistory, Jamo-Yayoi Periods
"Power from Sunshine": A Business History of Solar Energy Geoffrey Jones & Loubna Bouamane

The Engines of Our Ingenuity Use It!

About, Contents, Search
• Public Radio show streaming audio &transcripts for every episode 1988
• Transcripts

Eureka Science & Technology Database: Demonstration Access

Google Books
• International Textbook Company
º Manufacture of Cement... Paper... Sugar... Petroleum... Gas

History of Television by Jean-Jacques Peters (EBU)
A History of Welding, of Brazing and of Thermal Joining by Mark Sapp
How a Vacuum Tube Works from Svetlana.com

IEEE Global History Network (GHN) from the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), About, Advanced Search
• Innovations Map
• Milestones Program
• Topics

Internet Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham U, Internet History Sourcebooks Project
• Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolution
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution

Inventing Modern America: From the Microwave to the Mouse, profiles of 35 inventors
The Invention Dimension American Inventors
Invent Now National Inventors Hall of Fame, Links
Lewis-Clark Antique Power Club antique engines
Links Related to the History of Technology: The Society for the History of Technology
The Origins of Agriculture article by Tom Higham
Remote Sensing in History obtaining information without direct physical contact
Short History Of Machine Tools

Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions, About, Museum Directory
• History of Science and Technology at Smith College

Society for the History of Technology
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
Science Technology & Society: Dublin City University
Technology History Links
tvhist1.htm

UniData Earth-system education & research, About, Forums, Search ( Glimpse, Ultra Seek ) SiteMap
• About Temperature

U Rochester, History Resources
• Steam Engine Library Use It!

º The Abortion of the Young Steam Engineer'S Guide by Oliver Evans, 1805
º The Miners Friend, or an Engine to Raise Water by Fire Thomas Savery, 1702
º Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power Sadi Carnot, 1824 (1890 translation)
º Reminiscences of James Watt, 1859
º Robert Fulton Engineer and Artist, 1913
º James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall, 1925
º The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, 1851 translation

Waterwheelfactory.com fabrication & restoration
• history - Breast Wheel, Fourneyron, Overshot Wheel, Ossberger Turbine, Poncelet
• Reference

Wikipedia
• Category:Glass history
• Category:History of technology
• Category:History of transportation
• Category:Industrial history
• Category:Industrial Revolution
• Category:Technology timelines
• Efficiency Movement
• History of the bicycle
• History of materials science
• History of paper
• History of the steam engine
• Industrial history
• Productivity improving technologies (historical)
• Timeline of agriculture and food technology
• Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
• Timeline of electromagnetism
• Timeline of heat engine technology
• Timeline of historic inventions
• Timeline of time measurement technology
• Timeline of motor and engine technology
• Timeline of steam power
• Timeline of the telephone
• Toy industry

^ SCIHIST

THERMODYNAMICS, ENERGY
also see.. Chemistry, §ENERGY§, Engineering, §Fireplace (ARCHITECTURE)§, Physics, Probability, Steam Engine, §Thermodynamics (ENGINEERING)§

Annenberg Media Learner.org
• Learning Science Through Inquiry
• Mathematics and Science for All
• The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond
º 45. Temperature and Gas Laws behavior of gases, connection between temperature & heat
º 46. Engine of Nature Carnot engine (i), beginning with simple steam engines
º 47. Entropy The Carnot engine (ii), matter & flow of time
• A Private Universe why even Ivy League graduates don't really grasp basic science concepts

A Brief History of Temperature Measurement timeline

Carlos Rodriguez, U at Albany, State U of New York
• Sketching the History of Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Count Rumford's Homepage, Links
• Nature and Physics of Heat
• References

Elisabeth Moyer, U Chicago Dept Geophysical Sciences
• GEOS 24705/ENST 24705: Science, Technology, and Human Usage of Energy
º Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power Sadi Carnot, 1825 (excerpts)
º The Refrigerator and the Universe Use It!

Understanding the Laws of Energy, Martin Goldstein & Inge F. Goldstein
º Sadi Carnot, 'Founder of the Second Law of Thermodynamics' Herman Erlichson

Encyclopedia of Human Thermodynamics, Human Chemistry, and Human Physics

Google Search
• history of thermodynamic laws site:*.edu

Google Books (Public Domain)
• Gibbs, J. Willard
º The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs: Thermodynamics

Google Books
• Coveney, Peter & Highfield, Roger
º The Arrow of Time Use It!

a Voyage Through Science to Solve Time's Greatest Mystery

U Oregon, Russell J. Donnelly, Professor of Physics
• Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold PBS series

Wikipedia (scientists & technologists)
º Timeline of hydrogen technologies
• Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)
º Avogadro constant (Avogadro's number)
º Avogadro's law
• J. J. Becher (1635-1682) phlogiston theory of combustion
• Black, Joseph (1728-1799) discovered latent heat, specific heat, carbon dioxide
• Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906) Kinetic Theory
º Boltzmann constant
º H-theorem
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
º Boyle's law
º The Sceptical Chymist
• Carnot, Lazare (1753-1823)
º father of Sadi, foreshadowed the principle of energy as applied to a falling weight
• Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832)
º all heat input to his conceived perfect theoretical frictionless heat engine cannot be converted to work, 2nd law precursor
• Celsius, Anders (1701-1744)
º Celsius temperature scale
• Charles, Jacques (1746-1823)
º Charles's law
• Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile (1799-1864)
º early 1850's: originated entropy, replaced caloric and developed Carnot's principle & reversible engine processes, 2nd law
• Clausius, Rudolf (1822-1888) born Rudolf Gottlieb
º conceived the thermodynamic system
º Clausius-Clapeyron relation characterizing a discontinuous phase transition
• Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
º father of analytical geometry, vortex fluid universe
• Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
º Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics
º Einstein relation (kinetic theory) explained Brownian motion
• Evans, Oliver (1755-1819)
º 1805 design (not built) vapor compression refrigerator
• Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel (1686-1736)
º high precision thermometer manufacturer, replaced alcohol with mercury, early form of Fahrenheit scale
• Fourier, Joseph (1768-1830) heat transfer, law of heat conduction (Fourier's law)
• Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850)
º Gay-Lussac's law
• Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) theoretical foundations for chemical thermodynamics & physical chemistry
º first to apply the 2nd law to the relation between chemical, electrical, thermal energy & work, invented vector analysis
• Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821-1894)
• Joule Use It!

James Prescott (1818-1889)
º mechanical equivalent of heat energy & conservation of energy independent of of Julius Robert von Mayer
• Kelvin, Lord (see Thompson, William)
• Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794) combustion & respiration theory, conservation of mass, stoichiometry
• Leibniz, Gottfried (1646-1716)
º proposed the theory of Vis Viva, an obsolete limited principle of conservation of a precursor to kinetic energy
• Loschmidt, Johann Josef (1821-1895)
º Loschmidt's paradox
• Lussac, Joseph Louis Gay- (see Gay-Lussac)
• Maxwell Use It!

James Clerk (1831-1879)
º Unification of electricity, magnetism & optics: electromagetic waves
º Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
º Maxwell relations
• Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878)
º conservation of energy, mechanical equivalent of heat, oxidation as an energy source for life independent of, James Joule
• Ole Romer (1644-1710) 1st to measure speed of light
º Romer scale temperature
• Papin, Denis invented steam digester, forerunner of steam engine & pressure cooker
• Jacob Perkins (1766-1849)
º first vapor-compression refrigeration cycle patent, 1834
• Prevost, Pierre (1751-1839) law of exchange in radiation
• Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872)
º theory of heat engines, 1849 saturated vapour pressure & temperature relationship, latent heat of evaporation expressions
º Romer scale temperature
• Seebeck, Thomas Johann (1770-1831) discovered the thermoelectric effect
• Stahl, Georg Ernst (1659-1734) phlogiston theory
• Thompson, Benjamin Count Rumford(1753-1814)
º mechanical equivalent of heat, measured specific heats of solids, improved chimneys & fireplaces, invented double boiler & coffee percolator
º Rumford fireplace
• Thomson, William, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824-1907)
º “ it is impossible... to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of surrounding objects”
º Kelvin scale of thermodynamic (absolute zero) temperature
• Watt, James (1736-1819)
º developed steam engine & invented separate condensor, independent discovery of latent heat of vaporisation

Wikipedia
º Category:Heat pumps
º Category:History of chemistry
º Category:History of physics
º Category:History of science by discipline
º Category:History of technology
º Category:History of thermodynamics
º Category:Internal combustion piston engines
º Category:Hot air engines
º Category:Technology timelines
º Category:Thermodynamic cycles
º Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
º Timeline of thermodynamics
º History of Conservation of energy
º History of chemistry
º History of entropy Use It!

º History of heat
º History of molecular theory
º History of perpetual motion machines
º History of technology
º History of thermodynamics
º Timeline of heat engine technology
º Timeline of hydrogen technologies
º Timeline of low-temperature technology
º Timeline of steam power
• The Arrow of Time Use It!

• Attractor
• Black hole thermodynamics
• Caloric theory obsolete explanation for heat transfer as weightless fluid caloric gas flowing from hotter to colder bodies
• Conservation of energy (History)
• CPT symmetry symmetry of physical laws under simultaneous inversions of charge, parity & time; a mirror-image universe would evolve under our same physical laws
º CP violation CP-symmetry [laws unchanged by particle/antiparticle exchange (C symmetry) & left/right swap (P symmetry)] violated in neutral kaon decays-1964
º C-symmetry symmetry under charge-conjugation transformation or particle/antiparticle interchange
º Parity (physics) (P) parity transformation or parity inversion is flipping the sign of one spatial coordinate (mirror image)
º T-symmetry symmetry of laws under time reversal transformation
• Dissipative system
• Energy (History)
º Vis viva
• Galileo thermometer
• Heat
• Heat death of the universe
• Heat engine
º Carnot cycle
º Carnot heat engine
º Diesel engine
º Four-stroke engine
º Internal combustion engine
º Steam engine, Condenser (heat transfer), Firebox (steam engine)
º Steam turbine
º Stirling engine
º Two-stroke engine
• H-theorem by Ludwig Boltzmann describes entropy increase in an ideal gas during irreversible processes
• Irreversible process
• Laws of thermodynamics
º 0th law of thermodynamics
º 1st law of thermodynamics
º 2nd law of thermodynamics
º 3rd law of thermodynamics
• Loschmidt's paradox Use It!

(reversibility paradox) time reversal symmetry of fundamental physical laws contradicts the second law of thermodynamics
• Mechanical equivalent of heat (History)
• Momentum (History)
• Perpetual motion (Invention Hisotory)
• Phlogiston theory obsolete explanation for oxidation as a weightless fire-like element released during combustion & rusting
• Pneumatic chemistry
• Power (physics) (also see Work)
º Motive power
• Prigogine, Ilya (1917-2003) dissipative structures, complex systems & irreversibility
• Resistance thermometer (RTD)
• Scientific revolution
• Symmetry (physics)
• Thermistor
• Thermocouple
• Thermodynamic equilibrium
• Thermodynamic system (History of the term)
º Open system (systems theory)
• Thermoelectric effect
• Thermoelectricity
• Thermogenerator
• Thermometer (History)
º Galileo thermometer (Thermoscope)
• Thermopile
• T-symmetry symmetry of physical laws under a time reversal transformation
• Ultimate fate of the universe
• Vacuum created from steam condensation used atmospheric pressure to drive early steam engines
º Horror vacui (physics)
• Work (physics) (also see Power)
• Work (thermodynamics)

^ SCIHIST

TIMELINES/CHRONOLOGIES
also see.. §HISTORY§ & §US HISTORY§, §MAPS§, §Reference/Dictionaries§

DIRECTORIES-Timelines
dmoz.org Open Directory | Google.com | Yahoo.com
BrainBank from Cool Fire Technology
• Important Dates in the History of Religion

Events In Science, Mathematics, and Technology, William Nielsen Brandt

HyperHistory.com, HyperHistory Online Use It!

Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemsoc: ChemSoc Timeline Use It!

Timelines of History by Algis Ratnikas

biology)
Chronology of Significant Historical Developments in the Biological Sciences: 1800 BC to 1993

brain & neuroscience)
Milestones in Neuroscience Research Timeline: Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. - Neuroscience for Kids

Neuroscience Timeline: Brains on the Web: Comparative Neuroanatomy and Intelligence
• Intelligence & Brain Size, Glossary of Terms, Links

chemistry)
Chemical Societies Network Chembytes Infozone Search, timeline Use It!

computers)
Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers

environment)
Sustainable Development Timeline

geology)
Geologic Time: Paleontology at the U.S. Geological Survey, Glossary of Terms
Geological Time Scale, Andrew MacRae: Dept Geology & Geophysics, U Calgary

Geologic Time Scale Use It!

Dept of Geology & Geophysics, U Alaska, Fairbanks

Life Through Geologic Time:
• Earth History Resources, Glenn T. Seaborg Center for teaching & learning science & math, N. Michigan U

Museum of Paleontology, U California, Berkeley - Introductions to...
• Hadean 3.8 to 4.5 billion years
• Archaean 2.5 to 3.8 billion years
• Proterozoic Era 544 million to 2.5 billion years
• Paleozoic Era 245 to 544 million years
• Mesozoic Era 65 to 245 million years
• the Cenozoic 65 Million Years to the Present

The Age of Reptiles Mural at the Yale Peabody Museum: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale U -
• Enter the Actors in a Riot of Life: the Carboniferous & Devonian
• Remaking the World: the Permian
• Dawn of The Age of Dinosaurs: the Triassic
• High Noon of the Dinosaurs: The Jurassic
• The Final Chapter: The Cretaecous

UCMP Web Time Machine: Museum of Paleontology, U California, Berkeley
Evolutionary and Geological Timelines

Wikipedia
º Category:Medicine timelines
º Category:Science timelines
º Category:Technology timelines

math)
HyperComplex numbers Timeline
Statistical Mechanics Timeline: U Colorado

physics)
Physics Time-Line
Electromagnetism Timeline

science)
Niel's Science Timelines

universe)
Timeline of the Universe NASA

vision)
Important Dates in Vision Science Vision Research UC Irvine

^ SCIHIST

VACUUM
also see.. Vacuum Tube

Wikipedia (People)
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691) studied the chemistry of combustion and respiration
º The Sceptical Chymist
• Casimir, Hendrik (1909-2000)
º Casimir effect
• Paul Dirac (1902-1984)
º Dirac sea
• Hooke, Robert (1635-1703))
• Toepler, August (1836-1912)
º Toepler Pump
• Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-1647)
• von Guericke, Otto (1602-1686)
º Magdeburg hemispheres

Wikipedia
º Category:Vacuum
º Category:Vacuum pumps
º Category:Vacuum systems
º Timeline of luminiferous aether
• Aether theories
º Luminiferous aether
• Barometer
• Bell jar
• Casimir effect
• Dirac sea
• False vacuum
• Magdeburg hemispheres
• QCD vacuum
• QED vacuum
• Radioluminescence
• Scintillator
• Sprengel pump
• Toepler Pump
• Vacuum
• Vacuum casting
• Vacuum chamber
• Vacuum energy
• Vacuum engineering
• Vacuum flask
• Vacuum gauge
• Vacuum polarization
• Vacuum pump
• Vacuum state
• Virtual particles
• Zero-point energy

^ SCIHIST

VACUUM TUBES & PARTICLE DETECTORS
also see.. Atomism, Electricity, Electron, Electronics, Glass, §Particle Physics§, §Spectroscopy§, Vacuum

Mike's Electric Stuff photographs
• Assorted electric glassware
• Big Valves
• Geissler Tubes
• Lamps & bulbs
• Loewe 3NF Multi-valve the first integrated circuit
• Miniature valves
• Neon lamps
• Photoelectric Cells
• Spark gap and triggered gap tubes
• Vintage Valves

Wikipedia (People)
• Crookes, William (1832-1919)
º Crookes tube
• De Forest, Lee (1873-1961) invented the Audion (Vacuum) tube amplifier
• Dehmelt, Hans Georg (1922)
º Ion trap
º Penning trap
• Fleming, John Ambrose (1849-1945)
• Geiger, Hans (1882-1945)
º Geiger counter
º Geiger-Marsden experiment
• Geissler, Heinrich
º Geissler tube
• Hauksbee, Francis (scientist) (1666–1713) first observed gas discharge
• Hertz, Heinrich (1857-1894)
• Marsden, Ernest (1889-1970)
º Geiger-Marsden experiment
• Frans Michel Penning (1894-1953)
º Penning trap
• Wolfgang Paul (1913-1993) co-developed ion trap with Dehmelt
º Ion trap
º Quadrupole ion trap
• Petrov, Vasily Vladimirovich (1761-1834)
º discovered electric arc effect 1802
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937) differentiated alpha radiation as helium ions and beta radiation, discovery of compact nucleus and proton, concept of radioactive half-life
º Rutherford model
º Rutherford scattering
º Geiger-Marsden experiment or gold foil experiment
• Thomson, J. J. (1856-1940) explorations of cathode rays, discovery of electron & isotopes; mass spectrometer
º Plum pudding model
• Wineland, David J. (1944)
º Quadrupole ion trap

Wikipedia
º Category:Gas discharge lamps
º Category:Electrical breakdown
º Category:Particle detectors
• Anode
• Arc lamp
• Audion tube
• Bubble chamber
• Cathode
º Cold cathode
º Hot cathode
• Cathode ray tube
• Conduction band & Valence band
• Control grid
• Crookes tube
• Cryogenic particle detectors
• Diode
• Electric arc
• Electric glow discharge
• Electrostatic discharge
• Field electron emission
• Fluorescent lamp (History)
º Fluorescence
• Gas-discharge lamp
• Gas-filled tube
• Hot filament ionization gauge
• Geiger counter
• Geissler tube
• Ionization chamber
• Ion trap
• Mercury-vapor lamp
• Neon lamp
• Neutrino detector
• Neutron detection
• Particle detector
• Penning trap
• Phosphor
• Photographic plate
• Photomultiplier
• Plate electrode
• Quadrupole ion trap
• Radio
º History of radio
º Invention of radio
º Vacuum tube:
º Transmitting tubes
• Radioluminescence
• Rutherford model of the atom
• Rutherford scattering
• Scintillation counter
• Scintillator
• Spark chamber
• Spinthariscope
• Thermionic emission
• Tracking (particle physics)
• Triode
• Vacuum
• Vacuum pump
º Sprengel pump
• Vacuum tube (electron tube, diode, thermionic valve)
• Voltaic pile

^ SCIHIST

VIDEO

Annenberg Media Learner.org, Teacher Resources
• The Mechanical Univers and Beyond Use It!

Youtube.com
• Science, Magic, and Religion: History 2D, UCLA Use It!

20 Lectures

^ SCIHIST

VISION
also see.. Optics

How We See: The First Steps of Human Vision Use It!

with history: AccessExcellence.org

Important Dates in Vision Science Vision Research UC Irvine

^ SCIHIST

WATER
also see.. WATER POWER & PUMPS

Scribd.com free downloadable publications
• Underground Rivers from the River Styx to the Rio San Buenaventura with occasional Diversions

Water Current Meters Use It!

(pdf) by Arthur H. Frazier, 1974

^ SCIHIST

WATER POWER & PUMPS
also see.. §Hydroelelctric Power§, Water

Wikipedia
º Category:Watermills
º Category:Water turbines
• Fluid pressure
• Hydraulic head
• Hydroelectricity (History)
• Pelton wheel
• Vitruvius (75-15 BC)
º De architectura
• Watermill
• Water wheel
• Water turbine (History)

^ SCIHIST

WAVE THEORY

Wikipedia
• Black body radiation
• Damping
• d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (1717-1783)
º d'Alembert's formula general solution to the 1-d wave equation
• Eigenfunction
• Eigenvalue
• Electromagnetic radiation
• Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783)
• Fourier, Joseph (1768-1830)
º Fourier series
º Fourier transform
• Frequency
º Frequency spectrum
º Frequency domain
• Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (1788–1827)
º Huygens-Fresnel principle
• Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894)
• Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
º Huygens-Fresnel principle
• Jeans, James Hopwood (1877-1946)
º Rayleigh-Jeans law
• Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
º A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
º Maxwell's equations
• Mechanical wave
• Music
º Chord (music)
º Damping (music)
º Overtones
º Tuning fork
• Musical theory
• Oscillation
º Electronic oscillator
º Harmonic oscillator
• Planck, Max (1858-1947)
º Planck length
º Planck's law electromagnetic energy radiated by a black body in thermal equilibrium, as a function of wavelength
º Planck units
• Radiance
• Radio waves
º Shortwave radio
• Rayleigh, John Strutt, 3rd Baron (1842-1919)
º Rayleigh-Jeans law
• Resonance
º Acoustic resonance
º Mechanical resonance
• Russell, John Scott (1808-1882) first to observe and reproduce a solitary wave
º Soliton or wave of translation
• Schrödinger, Erwin (1887-1961)
º Schrödinger equation
• Soliton
• Sound
• Spectrum
º Electromagnetic spectrum
º Spectrum analysis
º Visible spectrum
• Ultraviolet catastrophe
º Equipartition theorem
• Vibration
º Ambient Vibrations
• Wave
º Amplitude
º Angular frequency
º Frequency
º Fundamental frequency
º Longitudinal waves
º P-wave
º Seismic wave
º Sine wave
º Transverse waves
º Wavelength
• Wave equation
• Wave function
• Wien, Wilhelm (1864-1928)
º Wien approximation
• Thomas Young (scientist) (1773-1829)
º Young's interference experiment

^ SCIHIST

WEATHER
NOAA History art, biographies, maps, poems, stories...: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin

^ SCIHIST

WIND POWER
also see.. §Wind Energy§, Maritime

Wikipedia
º Category:Wind turbines
• History of wind power

^ SCIHIST

WEB, INTERNET
also see.. Computer

DIRECTORIES-Internet History
dmoz.org Open Directory | Google.com | Yahoo.com
Davesite.com (ads!), History of the Internet chronology by Dave Kristula

History of the Internet, Internet for Historians (and just about everyone else), Richard T. Griffiths
• from U Leiden

Internet Archive & Wayback Machine, surf more than 10 billion web pages from the past
Internet Society, Internet Histories Links

^ SCIHIST

WOMEN
also see.. §ART§, §MUSIC§, §SCIENCE§, §SOCIETY§, §HISTORY§, §SCIENCE§, §US HISTORY§

4000 Years of Women in Science bios, references, photos: U Alabama

^ SCIHIST
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