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Darwin | Dentistry
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Electron | Electronics | §ELECTRONICS§ | §ENERGY§ | Engineering | §ENGINEERING§ | Evolution
FIND | Flight | §FLIGHT§ | Fluids | France
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Heliocentrism | Hispanic Scientists | Historians | §HISTORY§ | §History of Philosophy§ | §History of Photography§
Industrial Revolution | Instruments | §INSTRUMENTS§ | Internet | Islam
Kepler | Light | §LITERATURE§ | Low Temperature
Magnetism | Map Making | §MAPS§ | Maritime | §MARITIME§ | Masters of Science | Materials | Math | §MATHEMATICS§ | Maxwell
Medieval | Medicine | §MEDICINE§ | Metallurgy | §METALS§ | Microscope | Mining | Multiple Discoveries | Museums | Music | §MUSIC§
§NANOSCIENCE§ | NAVIGATION | Neuroscience | NEWS | Neuroscience | §NEUROSCIENCE§ | Nobel Peace Prize | Nuclear Science
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People | Philosophy of Science | §PHILOSOPHY§ | Photographs | §PHOTOGRAPHY§ | §PHOTOGRAPHY (History)§
Physics | §PHYSICS§ | §PSYCHOLOGY§ | Printing | Ptolemaic System | Pumps | Publications
Quotes | Radio | Railroads | Relativity | §RELIGIONS§ | Religious | Renaissance
§SCIENCE§ | Scientific Method | Scientific Revolution | Scientists | Solar Energy | Space | Spectroscopy | Steam Engine | Structural Engineering
§TEACHERS & EDUCATION§ | Technology | Thermodynamics | §TIME§ | Time | Timelines
Units & Constants | §US HISTORY§
Vacuum Tube | Video | Vision | §VISION§
§WAR§ | Water | §WATER§ | Weather | Web | Water Power | Wind Power | Women
(Click above to jump to Listings on this page or to an § ALTERNATE ELA DIRECTORY§)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  ^ SCIHIST

AGRICULTURE
DIRECTORIES-History of Agriculture
dmoz Open Directory | Google | Wikipedia | Yahoo


GardenDigest.com, History of Gardening: A Timeline From Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century

History and Literature of Horticulture by Professor Freeman S. Howlett, Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State U
• Centuries: 12th to 1st B.C.
• 1st to 15th Century
• Centuries: 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th

Origins of Agriculture as a Natural Experiment in Cultural Evolution

^ SCIHIST
ANCIENT
Ancient Mathematics History & Its Modern Fates
Ancient Science: Horus Publications on the Internet Beginner's Guide
Aristotle et al.: Jacques Maritain Center Readings for Philosophers and Catholics
Aristotle, Works: Virginia Tech Online Books
Euclid's Elements Intro: History of Mathematics by David E. Joyce, Clark U

From Stargazers to StarshipsUse It! by David P. Stern, NASA Site Map
•How distant is the Moon? 1 & 2

HistoryForKids.org Ancient World History & Middle Ages
Internet Classics Archive: Online Science & Literature Classics
Jason's Web Site on Ancient Greek Science agriculture to astronomy, articles & links

Measuring the Moon's Diameter with Help from Eratosthenes
Michael Lahanas, Ancient GreeceUse It!

Plato, Works: Virginia Tech Online Books

Wikipedia.org
• Hipparchus On Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon)


^ SCIHIST
ART & SCIENCE

The Art of Renaissance ScienceMust See! Astronomical Observatory of Padova

The Art of Renaissance Science: Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development
The Art of Renaissance Science: McMurry University


^ SCIHIST
ASSOCIATIONS
The Agricultural History Society
The British Society for the History of Science
Century of Physics, A 20th century timeline

Chemical Societies Network Chembytes Infozone Search, timelineUse It!

Discovery of the Electron J.J. Thomson 1897 experiments

Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (DHST)
• Archives

Galileo and Einstein lecture notes on two revolutions
Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities biographies & images
General Relativity Einstein's developments and collaborations leading to...
History of Physics Group: Institute of Physics
History of Science Society (HSS) & their official publication: ISIS
International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB)
International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS)
The Society for the History of Technology (SHOT)

^ SCIHIST
ASTROLOGY
also see.. §Astrology§, Astronomy

AccessNewAge.com, Looking Deeper Magazine, Astrology Section
• History of Astrology another View ( 2, 3 ) by Robert Hand

ProjectHindsight.com

^ SCIHIST
ASTRONOMY & COSMOLOGY
also see.. Astrology, §ASTRONOMY§, Optics, Physics

Amazing Space from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STSI), Links, SiteMap
• Capture the Cosmos
    º History of science
• Online Explorations
    º From Galileo to HST
• For educators and developers

Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy: U Bonn Links
Atlas Coelestis (Italian) by Felice Stoppa

Baade, Walter & Zwicky, Fred
• Cosmic Rays from Super-Novae, 1934
• On Super-Novae, 1934

Centuries of Astronomy Astronomy in Denmark Erling Poulsen by Erling Poulsen
• Archaeoastronomy in Denmark prehistoric
• The history of a velocity

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Galileo Images of the Universe from Antiquity to the Telescope
Great Debates in Astronomy astronomy and astrophysics at the turn of the millennium

History of Astronomy by Robert Harry van Gent

History of Astronomy: Items: Space Exploration [Index]
History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on March 1, 1996
History of Astronomy and Space Science Links

Hoyle, Fred
    º The Synthesis of Elements from Hydrogen, 1946

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• The Face of the Moon Galileo to Apollo
• Out of This World The Golden Age of the Celestial Atlas, Rare Books

Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period: An Annotated Bibliography
• by Gary D. Thompson

The Telescope historical article
Timeline of the Universe NASA

Tycho Brahe Homepage

U Oklahoma, Dept History of Science, Exhibits Online, Search
• History of the Constellations

Wikipedia: History of astronomy
    º Category:Astronomers
    º Category:Astronomical instruments
    º Category:History of astrology
    º Category:History of astronomy
    º History of geodesy
    º History of photography
    º History of the telescope
    º List of astronomers
    º List of space telescopes
• Age of the universe
• Apparent retrograde motion planetary
• Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) first heliocentric model
    º Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon
• Astrology and astronomy
• Astrometry
• Astronomy
• Astrophotography (History)
• Baade, Walter (1893-1960) discovered 2 types Cepheid variable stars, doubling Hubble's distance calculations & cosmologists' age of the Universe
• Bessel, Friedrich (1784-1846) first measurement of distance to a star (61 Cygni)
• Bradley, James (1693-1762)
    º Aberration of light
    º Discovery of Nutation or Earth's axis
• Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601)
• Cepheid variable period-luminosity relationship found by Henrietta Leavitt enabled measurement of extragalactic distances
    ºDe nova stella, 1573 arguing that the new
• Chaucer, Geoffrey (1343-1400)
    º Treatise on the Astrolabe
• Comet (History)
• Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) heliocentric cosmology displacing Earth from the center of the universe
    º De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1543
• Cosmological principle on a large scale the properties & physical laws of the Universe are the same in all spatial locations, which implies homogeneity & isotropy
    º Perfect cosmological principle extends cosmological principle to both space & time
• Doppler, Christian (1803-1853)
    º Doppler effect
• Eratosthenes (276-195 BC) first to measure the Earth's diameter
• Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
    º Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1632
    º Galileo's telescope (Refracting Telescope)
    º Sidereus Nuncius (Starry or Sidereal Messenger) 1610
    º Two New Sciences 1638, Law of falling bodies
• HII region identified by Allan Sandage as brighter than brightest stars in galaxies, increasing distances of related galaxies & age of Universe
• Herschel, John (1792-1871) pioneer in development of astrophotography, first photograph on glass
• Herschel, William (1738-1822) discovered Uranus & infrared radiation
    º Herschel's telescopes
• Hipparchus (190-120 BC) main source of Ptolemy's calculations
    º On Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon
• History of astronomy
• Hoyle, Fred (1915-2001) early calculations for phases of stellar nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than Hydrogen & Helium
• Hubble, Edwin (1889-1953) expansion of universe
    º Hubble's law
• Huggins, William (1824-1910) pioneered astronomical spectroscopy, determined stellar elements & Doppler shift radial velocities, distinguished nebulae from galaxies
• Instruments
    º Astrolabe
    º Astrophotography
    º Backstaff
    º Charge-coupled device
    º Quadrant (instrument)
    º Sextant (astronomical)
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
    º Keplerian Telescope
    º Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• Leavitt, Henrietta Swan (1868-1921) discovered means of measuring absolute extragalactic distance with her period-luminosity relationship for (Small Magellanic Cloud) Cepheid variables
    º Cepheid variable (discovery)
• N-body problem
• Newton, Isaac (1643-1727)
    º Newtonian telescope
    º Newton's law of universal gravitation
    º Newton's laws of motion
    º Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
• Parallax
• Ptolemy (90-168)
    º Almagest
• Redshift
    º Cosmological redshift - due to the expansion of space (not observed within the Local Group of galaxies due to gravitational effects overwhelming expansion tendency)
    º Doppler effect due to objects moving through space
    º Gravitational redshift due to loss of energy in escaping a gravitational field
    º Tired light
• Relativity, Theory of
    º General Relativity, History of general relativity
    º Special relativity, History of special relativity
• Sandage, Allan (1926-)
• Small Magellanic Cloud galaxy where period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid Variables found by Henrietta Leavitt
• Spectrum analysis
• Stellar parallax
• Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974) supernova as transition to neutron star, source of cosmic rays & as standard candles; galaxy clusters as gravitational lenses
    º Tired light

Working Group for the History of Astronomy

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Anaxagoras
    º Astronomical Science
    º Ideas of Cosmology
    º Babylonian Astronomy
    º Astrology
    º The Early Greek Philosophers in Italy
    º Physical Speculations
    º Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
    º Greek Science of the Alexandrian Or Hellenistic Period
    º Aristarchus of Samos, the Copernicus of Antiquity
    º Eratosthenes, "The Surveyor of the World"
    º Hipparchus, "The Lover of Truth"
    º Strabo the Geographer
    º Two Famous Expositors--Pliny and Ptolemy
    º Ptolemy, the Last Great Astronomer of Antiquity
    º A Retrospective Glance At Classical Science
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º The New Cosmology--Copernicus to Kepler and Galileo
    º Johann Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion
    º Galileo Galilei
    º Galileo and the New Physics
    º Astrology
    º Newton and the Law of Gravitation
    º Proposition V., Theorem V.
    º Proposition VI., Theorem VI.
    º Proposition VII., Theorem VII.
    º Instruments of Precision in the Age of Newton Instruments of Precision in the Age of Newton
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
    º Modern Development of the Physical Sciences
    º The Successors of Newton in Astronomy
    º Bradley and the Aberration of Light
    º French Astronomers
    º Leonard Euler
    º The Progress of Modern Astronomy
    º The Nebular Hypothesis of Kant
    º Laplace and the Nebular Hypothesis
    º Asteroids and Satellites
    º The Discovery of Neptune
    º The Rings of Saturn
    º Studies of the Moon
    º Comets and Meteors
    º The Fixed Stars
    º Double Stars
    º The Distance of the Stars
    º Revelations of the Spectroscope
    º The Astronomy of the Invisible
    º The Structure of Nebulae
    º Lockyer's Meteoric Hypothesis
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4


^ SCIHIST
AUDIO

BBC, IPlayer Radio Shows Online: History of Science
• Ageing the Earth the four great Eons
• Alchemy
• Anaesthetics
• Anatomy 2000 year old quest to understand
• Antimatter
• Archimedes
• Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence are we near to achieving a thinking, feeling computer
• Astronomy and the British Empire
• Baconian Science
• Black Holes
• Blood
• Calculus dispute between Newton & Leibniz
• The Calendar
• Caloric
• The Cambrian Period the explosion of life
• Carbon
• Chance and Design
• Chaos Theory and our understanding of the universe
• Chemical Elements chemistry's ongoing mission to understand
• Chemistry
• Climate Change predictions and solutions
• Consciousness preoccupying philosophers and scientists
    º The Brain and Consciousness
• Cryptography
• Dark Energy
• Darwin: 1, 2, 3, 4
• Disease Man and
• Dreams
• Drugs narcotics and stimulants in the history of medicine
• The Earth's Origins
• Electrickery
• Evolution advances in evolutionary biology & the future of gene therapy
• The Fibonacci Sequence
• Fossils significance in history
• Galaxies
• Genetic Determinism and our personalitie
• Genetic Mutation
• Genetics development of the science
• Goethe and the Science of the Enlightenment
• Grand Unified Theory the 20th century pursuit
• The Graviton
• The Great Disruption the shift from industrial to information society
• Heat
• The Heart
• Higgs Boson
• Human Evolution
• Human Nature
• Human Origins
• Humboldt, Alexander Von
• Hysteria
• Imagination the creative forces
• Imagination and Consciousness neuroscience
• Immunisation
• Indian Mathematics
• Infinity
• Information Technology social and economic consequences
• Intelligence origins, manifestations and possibilities
• The Jesuits
• Jung Carl Gustav
• The KT Boundary and dinosaur extinction
• Lamarck and Natural Selection
• Language and the Mind language - innate or cultural
• The Laws of Motion, Isaac Newton's
• Laws of Nature
• The Lunar Society 18th century scientists/engineers
• Magnetism
• Mammals the Rise of
• Mars
• Mathematics its relation to other sciences
• Maxwell James Clerk
• Memory
• Memory and Culture changes in collective and individual remembering
• Meteorology
• Microbiology
• The Music of the Spheres
• The Natural Order taxonomy
• The Needham Question European & Chinese Technologies
• Negative Numbers
• Neuroscience in the 20th century
• Nuclear Physics it's 20th century development
• Oceanography
• Optics
• The Origins of Life
• Oxygen discovery of Oxygen by Priestley & Lavoisier: Show
• Pain
• The Physics of Realitythe attempt to reconcile Quantum Theory & classical physics
• Pi
• The Planets
• Plate Tectonics
• The Poincare Conjecture
• Popper, Karl
• Priestley, Joseph
• Prime Numbers
• Psychoanalysis and Literature
• Quantum Gravity 20th century attempts to understand
• Radiation
• Renaissance Magic
• Renaissance Maths
• Rutherford
• Science in the 20th century how perceptions of science have changed
• Science's Revelations whether science has ruined our sense of poetic wonder
• The Scientist historical role and origin of the concept
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Space in Religion and Science cyberspace and a new concept of space
• The Speed of Light
• Stars The Life of
• Symmetry
• Theories of Everything
• Time The Physics of...
• Time history of the attempts to understand
• The Universe's Origins
• The Universe's Shape, size and topology
• The Vacuum of Space
• Vulcanology
• Zero


^ SCIHIST
BICYCLES
also see.. §HUMAN POWER & BICYCLES§

DIRECTORIES-Bicycles
Wikipedia


Bicycle Museum of America

e-cobr
• Some of the history of Cycling

Jim LangleyUse It! Bicycle Afficionado, Links
• Myths & Milestones in Bicycle Evolution by William Hudson

U Warwick, Library
• Sources for the History of Cycling


^ SCIHIST
BIOGRAPHIES
also see.. MATHEMATICS

Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th CenturiesA Source! Rice U, The Galileo Project

Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics: U California, Search

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Enter Evolution: Theory and HistoryA Source! U California, Berkeley

Great scientists/mathematicians and my version of the future [very limited]
Great Thinkers and Visionaries
Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence Galileo & Leonardo
Irish Scientific Lives: Irish Research Scientists' Association

Web Links: Famous Scientistsa Hub! PhysicsWeb

NAMES
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): U California, Berkeley
The Bernoullis (1654-1782) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Bohr, Neils Library: American Institute of Physics
Boyle, Robert - Work Diaries from the Perseus Digital Library
Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601): Rice U, The Galileo Project
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543): Rice U, The Galileo Project
D'Alembert , Jean-le-Rond (1717-1783) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802): U California, Berkeley - Enter Evolution
da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519): U California, Berkeley
Descartes, René (1596-1650) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin

EINSTEIN, ALBERT
Einstein, Albert... The Einstein Papers Project: Boston U
Einstein, Albert... Online by S. Morgan Friedman

Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Fourier, Joseph - Politician & Scientist by David Keston
Galilei, Galileo: Rice U, The Galileo Project
Hooke, Robert (1635-1703): U California, Berkeley
Huygens, Christian (1629-1695) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630): Rice U, The Galileo Project
Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728-1777) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Legendre, Adrian Marie (1752-1833) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin

MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK
Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank
Google Image Search: James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) from Answers in Genisis, Biography Index
James Clerk Maxwell from the MacTutor History of Mathematics

James Clerk Maxwell and the Christian PropositionUse It! by Ian Hutchinson, MIT

NEWTON , SIR ISAAC
Newton , Sir Isaac (1642-1727) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Newton , Sir Isaac Newtonia: newton.org.uk

Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662) David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
Poincare, Jules Henri (1854-1912): MacTutor History of Mathematics archive


^ SCIHIST

BIOLOGY
The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, User Guide

Google Biology Directory
Journey Into the Cell Electron Microscopy & Cell Biology, Rockefeller U
Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century from "Teaching History of Science: Resources & Strategies,"

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• The Grandeur Of Life a short history of natural history
• Voyages: Scientific Circumnavigations 1679-1859

MendelWeb (Gregor Mendel) history of genetics, data analysis, plant science

NobelPrize.org
• Life and Discoveries of Santiago Ramon y Cajal

The Rockefeller University Journey Into the Cell History of Electron Microscopy & Modern Cell Biology
The New Scientist's on-line Planet Earth

Wikipedia (people): History of biology
    º Category:Biology timelines
    º Category:History of biology
    º Timeline of microscope technology
• Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707-1788) naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist & encyclopedic author
• Crick, Francis (1916-2004) joint discovery of DNA structure
• Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) instrumental in establishing comparative anatomy & paleontology, establishing extinction as a fact
• Dawkins, Richard (1941-) ethologist, evolutionary biologist & science popularizer
    º The Selfish Gene 1976, gene-centred view of evolution
• Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
    º The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
    º On the Origin of Species 1859
• Fisher, Ronald (1890-1962) statistician, evolutionary biologist, eugenicist & geneticist; Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
• Gould, John (1804-1881) ornithologist & bird artist, identification of birds now nicknamed “Darwin's finches”
• Gould, Steven J. (1941-2002) paleontologist, evolutionary, science historian & popularizer; punctuated equilibrium
• Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744-1829) naturalist, early proponent of evolution by natural laws; inheritance of acquired characteristics, use/disuse model
• Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778) botanist, physician & zoologist; foundations for binomial nomenclature & taxonomy
• Mendel, Gregor (1822-1884) genetics & inheritance
• Kimura, Motoo (1924-1994) theoretical population & evolutionary geneticist
• Ramon y Cajal, Santiago (1852-1934) pioneered in brain microscopic structure
• Vitalism
• von Liebig, Justus (1803-1873) invention of nitrogen-based fertilizer
    º Liebig's law of the minimum plant growth is controlled by the scarcest (limiting factor) resource
• Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913) independent discovery of natural selection
• Watson, James D. (1928-) joint discovery of DNA structure
• George C. Williams (1926-) evolutionary biologist; development of gene-centric view of evolution in the 1960's

Wikipedia
• Creationism
• Evolution
• Genetic Drift
• Modern evolutionary synthesis
• Natural Selection
• Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution
• Pangenesis Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity
• Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory
• Vitalism living functions due to principles distinct from biochemistry & the laws of physics


^ SCIHIST
BREWING
also see.. §BREWING§

Eggnog! (ads!) History of eggnog, Links, Recipes, Safety
TheKeep.org: Ancient Egyptian Alcohol
How Much Did they Drink? alcohol consumption of in pre-industrial Europe.
Medieval/Renaissance Brewing Homepage articles, guilds, recipes, sources

Origins and Ancient History of Wine from U Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology & Anthropology, Links
• Egypt, Mesopotamia, Neolithic
• Glossary
• Laboratory
• Map

PasteurBrewing.com
• Works of Louis Pasteur
    º Experiments and New Views on the Nature of Fermentations
    º Physiological Theory of Fermentation, 1879
    º Studies on Fermentation ( pdf )

SCA Brew Historical Brewing Page (Society for Creative Anachronism), Links, References
• Articles and Essays
• Drunk Monk's Cookbook
• Guilds
• Library:
    º Beginners, Articles & Essays, Customs & Culture, Equipment
    º Ingredients, Miscellaneous, Period References & Herbals, Techniques


^ SCIHIST
CARTOGRAPHY
also see.. §Cartography§

The History of Cartography in a Nutshell, Vladimiro Valerio

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
• The history of cartography

Wikipedia
    º Category:Graphical projections
• Anamorphosis
• Graphical projection
• History of cartography
• Map
• Map projection
• Mercator, Gerardus


^ SCIHIST
CHEMISTRY & ALCHEMY
also see.. §Batteries§, §CHEMISTRY§, Islam, §Religions & Spirituality§, Thermodynamics

The 1827 Christmas Lectures of Michael Faraday: woodrow.org

The Alchemy web site on Levity.com over 38 MB ofinformation
• John French - The Art of Distillation

American Chemical Society (ACS) Division of History of Chemistry (Hist)

Archive.org: Search Chemistry
• An Elementary Chemistry George Rantoul White, 1894
• Historical Introduction to Chemistry T. (Thomas) Martin Lowry, 1915
• A History of Chemistry Ernest von Meyer and George Mcgowan, 1906
• A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times James Campbell Brown, 1920, 2d ed.
• Makers Of Chemistry John Eric Holmyard, 1931
• Search: Marcellin Berthelot

ASAPWeb - Home Page Australian Science Archives Project

BBC Radio
• Caloric
• Chemistry
• Oxygen Melvyn Bragg discusses the discovery of Oxygen by Priestley and Lavoisier: Show
• Priestley, Joseph

The Robert Boyle Project (1627-91) articles, bibliography, Links
A Brief History of Chemistry Black Magic - Prehistory to Christian Era
A Brief History of History: ThinkQuest.org
A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table:   The Periodic Table - Alternate Designs Links:   Chemistry Dept, Western Oregon U
Chem-Hist Mailing-List send an E-Mail with the text "subscribe chem-hist"
The Chemical Heritage Foundation established by ACS & AIChE

ChemSoc.orgUse It! RSC's chemical science network
• Alchemical Symbols
• The Development of the Periodic Table
• TimeLine

ChemTeam History of Chemistry

Classic ChemistryUse It! with Links, compiled by Carmen Giunta, Le Moyne College Dept Chemistry
• Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry

Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry

Corrosion-doctors.org
• History of Electrochemistry
    º Eighteenth Century
• Who's Who in Electrochemistry

Dmitriy Mendeleev Online
A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature (1787): Classic Chemistry
Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms Jon Eklund, Smithsonian Institute Press
Dr Berger's History of Chemistry Bookmarks
FECS Millennium Project 100 European Chemists - Chemical Revolution to 21st Century
Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms: Classic Chemistry

Google Search
• history of Avogadro's number site:*.edu

Google Books
• Search Author (English): Antoine Lavoisier
    º Elements of Chemistry Antoine Lavoisier (tr. R. Kerr) 1802
    º Essays on the effects produced by various processes on atmospheric air Antoine Lavoisier, 1783
• The great chemists ($) Eric John Holmyard, 1928
• Makers of Chemistry ($) Eric John Holmyard, 1931

Historical Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Historical Introduction to Chemistry Alchemy, Greek, Roman, Medieval, Transition, Lavoisier: Virtual U North
Historical online chemistry textbooks by Bill Palmer
The History of Chemistry Subject Index: Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute

History of Chemistry Links: Chemistry Teaching ResourcesUse It! Umeå U

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Links
• Digital Archive
• Exhibits and Learning
• Library and Archives
    º Panopticon Lavoisier virtual museum of the collections of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
• Online Resources

An International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry - Hyle Related Links & Collected Bibliography
The Liebig - Museum in Giesse: Justus Liebig U
Nobel e-Museum - Chemistry

Project Gutenberg
• Robert Boyle: Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664), The Sceptical Chymist,

A Quick Look at the History of the Periodic Table   PeriodicTable.com

Robert Boyle's Sceptical chymist (1661)Use It! original text photocopies online

Royal Society of Chemistry Historical Group: some Links

Wikipedia (people)
• Arrhenius, Svante (1859-1927) one of physical chemistry founders
    º Arrhenius equation temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction
• Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)
    º Avogadro constant Avogadro's Number
    º Avogadro's law Equal volumes of ideal (perfect) gases, at the same temperature & pressure, contain the same number of molecules V/n=k
• Black, Joseph (1728-1799) discovered carbon dioxide; latent heat, specific heat
• Bohr, Niels (1885-1962) foundational contributions to atomic structure & quantum mechanics
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
    º Boyle's law
    º The Sceptical Chymist
• Bunsen, Robert electrolytic production of pure metals, spectral analysis
    º Bunsen burner
• Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810)
    º elemental nature of Hydrogen, Water from Oxygen & Hydrogen
    º air consists of 1 part of dephlogisticated air (oxygen), mixed with 4 parts phlogisticated (nitrogen)
• Charles, Jacques (1746-1823)
• Crookes, William
    º Crookes radiometer
    º Crookes tube
    º Vacuum tube
• Dalton, John (1766-1844) pioneering work in the atomic theory, table of relative atomic weights
    º Dalton's law of partial pressures
• Davy, Humphry (1778-1829) discoveries of several alkali & alkaline earth metals & elemental nature of chlorine & iodine
• Dewar, James (1842-1923) invention of the Dewar flask (Thermos or vacuum flask), liquification of gases
• Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850)
    º Gay-Lussac's law Law of combining volumes & Pressure-temperature law
• Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) theoretical foundations for chemical thermodynamics & physical chemistry
    º first to apply the 2nd law to the relation between chemical, electrical, thermal energy & work, invented vector analysis
• Hales, Stephen (1677-1761)
• Henry, William (chemist) (1775-1836) invented process for magnesia alba
    º Henry's law at constant temperature, the gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
    º Pneumatic trough
• Kirchhoff, Gustav with Bunsen foundations of Spectroscopy
• Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)
• Lewis, Gilbert N. (1875-1946) discovery of the covalent bond, purification of heavy water,
    º Lewis acids and bases
    º Lewis structure (Lewis-dot diagrams)
• Janssen, Pierre (1824-1907) joint discovery of Helium
• Mendeleev, Dmitri (1834-1907) first periodic table of elements, predicted properties of unknown elements germanium, gallium & scandium
• Moseley, Henry (1887-1915) justification from physical laws of the atomic number
    º Moseley's law
• Newlands, John Alexander Reina (1837-1898) law of octaves, early Periodic Table
• Pauling, Linus (1901-1994)the nature of chemical bonds
    º Orbital hybridisation
• Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) discovery of oxygen, invention of soda water, defended phlogiston theory
• Rutherford, Daniel (1749-1819) isolation of nitrogen
• Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
    º Geiger-Marsden experiment (Rutherford gold foil experiment)
    º Rutherford model of the atom, electrons circling like planets around a high central charge in a very small nucleus
    º Rutherford scattering
• Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1742-1786) discovered oxygen; identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium & chlorine
• Thomson, J. J.
    º Plum pudding model of the atom
• von Liebig, Justus (1803-1873)
    º invention of nitrogen-based fertilizer & a process for silvering mirrors
    º Liebig condenser

Wikipedia
    º Category:Chemical bonding
    º Category:Chemical elements
    º Category:Discoverers of chemical elements
    º Category:Electrochemistry
    º Category:Electrodes
    º Category:History of chemistry
    º Category:History of physics
    º Category:History of science by discipline
    º Category:Periodic table
    º Category:Quantum chemistry
    º History of the battery
    º History of chemistry
    º History of electrochemistry
    º History of molecular biology
    º History of molecular theory
    º History of the periodic table
    º Portal:Chemistry
    º Timeline of chemical elements discoveries
    º Timeline of hydrogen technologies
• Alchemy
• Anode
• Atom
    º Atomic mass
    º Atomic mass unit unified atomic mass unit (u), dalton (Da), universal mass unit (u)
    º Atomic nucleus
    º Electron
    º Neutron
    º Proton
• Calorimetry
    º Calorimeter
• Cathode
• Condenser (laboratory)
• Corrosion
• Electrochemistry
• Electrolysis
• Electrolyte
• Electrolytic cell
• Electron
• Electrode
• Galvanic cell
• Half cell
• Ideal gas law
• Philosophy of chemistry
• Phlogiston theory
• Pneumatic chemistry
    º Pneumatic trough
• Radical (chemistry)
• Salt bridge
• Thermochemistry
• Unpaired electron

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Ctesibius and Hero: Magicians of Alexandria
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º Two Pseudo-Sciences--Alchemy and Astrology
    º Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences
    º The Phlogiston Theory in Chemistry
    º The Beginnings of Modern Chemistry
    º Joseph Black
    º Henry Cavendish
    º Joseph Priestley
    º Karl Wilhelm Scheele
    º Lavoisier and the Foundation of Modern Chemistry
    º Chemistry Since the Time of Dalton
    º Humphry Davy and Electro-Chemistry
    º Organic Chemistry and the Idea of the Molecule
    º Chemical Affinity
    º Periodicity of Atomic Weights
    º New Weapons--Spectroscope and Camera
    º The Chemical Theory of Digestion The Chemical Theory of Digestion
    º The Function of Respiration
    º Animal Chemistry
    º Liebig on Animal Heat


^ SCIHIST
BOOKS

Absolute Zero: And the Conquest of Cold by Tom Shachtman


Amazon.com
• Textbooks
•Search: History of Science


^ SCIHIST
BRAIN & NEUROSCIENCE
also see.. §BRAIN§
Milestones in Neuroscience Research Timeline:   Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. - Neuroscience for Kids

Neuroscience Timeline:   Brains on the Web: Comparative Neuroanatomy and Intelligence
• Intelligence & Brain Size, Glossary of Terms, Links

Wikipedia: History of neuroscience
    º Category:History of neuroscience
    º Category:Neuroscience
• Albert Einstein's brain
• Paul Broca (1824-1880)
    º Broca's area linked to speech production
• Hebb, Donald O. (1904-1985)
    º Hebbian theory associative learning, simultaneous cell activation increases synaptic strength
• History of neuroscience
• Limbic system
• Lobotomy
• MacLean, Paul D. (1913-2007) theory of mind/brain evolution & mental processing
    º Limbic system visceral brain
    º Triune brain three subsystem brain
• Phineas Gage
• Wernicke, Carl (1848-1905)
    º Wernicke's area


^ SCIHIST
CHINA

Google Books: Science and civilisation in ChinaUse It! by Joseph Needham
• General Conclusions and Reflections Vol 7 (02), 2004
• History of scientific thought Vol 2, 1956
• Introductory Orientations Vol 1, 1954
• Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth Vol 3, 1959

Needham Research Institute
• Joseph Needham 1900-1995
• Science and Civilisation in China Series

Wikipedia
    º Category:Chinese astronomy
    º Category:Chinese inventions
    º Category:Chinese mathematics
    º Category:Science and technology in China
    º List of Chinese inventions
    º Timeline of Chinese astronomy
• History of science and technology in China
• Joseph Needham
    º Science and Civilisation in China
• Papermaking
• South Pointing Chariot


^ SCIHIST
CLOCKS & TIME
Bells, Bellfounders and Towerclocks historical - Netherlands & Germany, Jacob Pompstra (@tripod.et.nl)
Clockworks history, from sundials to the atomic second from Britannica.com @time.gov

ElginWatches.org
• History
• Technical

History of Frequency Control:   Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics Frequency Control
HOROLOGY - The Index

National Association of Watch & Clock Collectors, Inc. -
• Library & Research, Museum, School of Horology, Search

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST.gov), Physics Laboratory
• A Walk Through Time the evolution of time measurement through the ages

A Walk Through Time history of timekeeping:   General Interest, NIST Physics, US NIST

Wikipedia
    º Category:History of technology
    º Category:Technology timelines
    º Timeline of time measurement technology
• Arrow of time
• History of calendars
• History of timekeeping devices
• Time in physics


^ SCIHIST
COMMUNICATIONS

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

History of Telegraphy goldmine of information on early telegraphy & answers questions
History of Telegraphy (www.cris.com)
History of Telegraphy (fohnix.metronet.com)
History of Sound Recording and Broadcasting
Hobb's Internet Timeline search 1950's to Present in decades
The Invention of the Radio from QSL.net, ZL3MA's Site
Motorola Historical Timeline
The National Inventors Hall of Fame see The Inventors Page
Smithsonian Institution, Caring for Antique Communication Devices
Technology History from Tectrix Fitness Equipment

^ SCIHIST
COMPUTERS
also see.. §HISTORY§, Internet, Web, §MATHEMATICS§

Alan Turing & the Alan Turing Home Page by Andrew Hodges
• on-line biography 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, oration

BYTE Magazine
Calculating Machines

Computer HistorySee It! Smithsonian Institute

Computer History Museum, Search ( Artifacts )
• Document Archive: Index, Subject Categories
• Exhibits
    º A History of the Internet: 1962-1992
    º Microprocessor Evolution: 1971-1996
• Timeline

ComputerHistory.org
• Fellow Awards

Computer-refuge.org
• Neon Lamp Logic (zip file)

Computers: History and Development Jones Multimedia Encyclopedia
Excellence in Computing: Ken North - significant contributions to computing

Fourmilab Switzerland from John Walker, founder of Autodesk, Inc. ( Sitemap ) History and Nostalgia
• The Analytical Engine The First Computer of Charles Babbage

Historical Computer Society (HCS)

History of ComputingSee It! Virginia Tech

History of Computing-Mark I
The History and Making of Semiconductor Memory Chips
History: Quest for a Universal Machine: York U, Introduction to Computer Technology
History of Silicon valley
The Machine That Changed the World

Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley, history of the Macintosh computer
• from Stanford U, Libraries & Information Resources

Mapletech Productions LLC
• A General History and Definition of Finite State Machines

John McCarthy Computer Theory & History
Memories are Made of This (Computer Memory Histroy)
The MetaCenter (NSF supported), National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Michelle's Mind, History of Computing
• Alan Turing

The National Inventors Hall of Fame see The Inventors Page
NSF SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database
Obsolete Computer Museum
The Online Virtual Computer History Museum
Origin of a Browser: U Buffalo's early history of Netscape
Past Notable Women of Computing & Mathematics from TAP: Ada
Perspectives of the Smithsonian: Smithsonian Computer History some video clips/interviews
Timeline of Microcomputers
TRIUMPH OF THE NERDS from "Machine that changed the World"
Univ of Virginia Comp Science Museum
The Virtual Altair Museum

Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC), Links (Galleries)
• Brief History of Algebra and Computing: An Eclectic Oxonian View by Jonathan P. Bowen
• Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

John von Neumann and von Neumann Architecture for Computers (1945) by Barney J. Cabrera

Wikipedia
• Algorithm
• Computability
• Computer
• Computer science
• Computing Machinery and Intelligence
• Finite-state machine
• Halting problem
• History of computing
• History of computing hardware
• List of books on the history of computing
•
• List of pioneers in computer science
• Mathematical logic
• Theory of computation
• Timeline of artificial intelligence
• Timeline of computing
• Timeline of programming languages
• Turing machine

The Women of the ENIAC

^ SCIHIST
DENTISTRY
also see.. §Dentistry§, Medicine,

echo exploring & collecting history online - science, technology & industry: The History of Dentistry
• from George Mason U

The Evolution of Dentistry: We Have Come A Long Way, Andrew Dunlevy
• A Dental Renaissance
• Medieval Dentistry: Tooth Pull and a Hair Cut
• Practicing Dentistry Like An Egyptian

Google Search
• history of dentistry site:*.edu

NPR.org
• The Sounds That Once Made Patients Wince (Audio)

U Michigan, School of Dentistry: Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry
• History of Dentistry Resources Links

Virginia Commonwealth U, Tompkins-McCaw Library for the Health Sciences
• History of Dentistry Resource Guide


^ SCIHIST
EDUCATION
Boston U: Center for Philosophy and History of Science, About
• John Stachel Director, Center for Einstein Studies

Galileo and Einstein, Michael Fowler, U Virginia, Lecture List

Google Search
• history of science graduate

Harvard U, Dept of the History of Science, Courses ( alt ), Library, SiteMap
• Graduate Admissions, History of Science at the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
• Undergraduate Program of Study
• Undergraduate Journal in the History of Science

Johns Hopkins U, History of Science, Medicine, and Technology program
• Department of History of Science and Technology
    º Graduate Program, Course Descriptions
    º Undergraduate Program
• History of Medicine at the School of Medicine

Teaching the History of Science: HSS COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

U Cambridge, Dept History & Philosophy of Science
• Graduate studies
• Undergraduate studies
• Museum at the Cavendish Laboratory
• Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Links
    º Exploring Whipple Museum Collections

U Notre Dame, Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values, History and Philosophy of Science Program
• HPS Doctoral Program
• HPS Masters Program
• HPS Summer Graduate Program for Secondary School Teachers

U Oklahoma, Dept of the History of Science, Contact
• Graduate Program Information Book 2008
• Graduate Program Handbook
• History of Science Undergrads
• Image Galleries

U Pittsburgh: Department of History and Philosophy of Science
• Graduate Program
• Undergraduate Program

U Florida, Dept of History
• History of Science Technology & Medicine, Professor Robert A. Hatch
    º graduate program in the history of science

US Graduate Programs in History of Science: U Washington Academic HyperLinks

^ SCIHIST
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM & LIGHT
also see.. §Battery§, §Electromagnetism§, Electronics, §Electrostatics§, §Magnetism§, Maxwell, James Clerk, Radio, Vacuum Tube

Alessandro Volta and the Electric BatteryUse It!, by Bern Dibner; online book
• from MIT, Dibner Institute, Burndy Library

Brigham Young U, Ross Spencer, Physics 442, History timeliine
• "A Ridiculously Brief History of Electricity and Magnetism"
• mostly from E. T. Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity...

Corrosion-doctors.org
• History of Electrochemistry
    º Eighteenth Century
• Who's Who in Electrochemistry

Early History of Radio Astronomy from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank

Electromagnetic Theory History Links

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler
• Overview and Lecture Index:
• Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
    º Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
• Using History to Teach Science

Georgia State U, Dept Physics & Astronomy, HyperPhysics
• Maxwell's Equations

Google Books
• Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment by Michael Brian Schiffer
• The history and present state of electricity: with original experiments, 1769 by Joseph Priestley

Google search: maxwell, electromagnetic theory

Hans-Peter's Mathematick Technick Algorithmick Linguistick Omnium Gatherum
• History of Electrostatic Generators

HyperJeff, SiteMap, Histories chronologies by subject
• Sketches of a History of Classical Electromagnetism time line, Links

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Museum Catalogue, Virtual Visit
• Birth of electricity and electrostatics
• Electrical machine
• Room XIV. Electrical instruments

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It!
• Electrical Measurements
• Electricity
• Electric Motors

U Leiden Intituut Lorentz: Leiden jar

Magnet Lab: Electricity & Magnetism Links, Pioneers, Timeline
• Georg Ohm

Makezine.com
• What a capacitor is and how to make one Video

Marco Learning Systems
• Applying the history of electricity in the classroom: a reconstruction of the concept of Potential by Dr John Roche

Medieval Technology Pages, Subject Index: from Paul J. Gans, New York U
• Magnets

Molecular Expressions: Pioneers in the Optical SciencesUse It!
• Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
• Electrostatic Generator simulation
• Leyden Jar simulation
• Timeline of Electricity and Magnetism:
    º 1750-1774, 1775-1799
    º 1800-1819, 1820-1829, 1830-1839, 1840-1849, 1850-1869, 1870-1879, 1880-1889, 1890-1899
    º 1900-1909, 1910-1929, 1930-1939, 1940-1959, 1960-1979, 1980-2003
• Van de Graaff Generator simulation
• Voltaic Pile

R. Victor Jones, Professor of Applied Physics, Harvard U, Engineering & Applied Sciences
•A Chronology of Communication Related Events: Part 1: 4004 BCE-1899 AD, Part 2: 1900 to present

U Rochester, Dept. Elect & Computer Eng, Thomas B. Jones
• Electrostatics Demonstrations
    º Electrophorus and Accessories

Wikipedia
    º Category:Electrical breakdown
    º Category:Electricity
    º Category:Electrochemistry
    º Category:History of physics
    º Category:History of technology
    º Category:Physics timelines
    º History of the battery
    º History of electric power transmission
    º History of electrochemistry
    º History of electromagnetism
    º Timeline of electromagnetism
    º Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics
    º Timeline of lighting technology
    º Timeline of microscope technology
    º Timeline of photography technology
• Amber
• Ampère, André-Marie (1775-1836)
    º carrying current parallel wires attract & repel
    º Ampère's circuital law
• Anode
• Atom
    º Atomic mass
    º Atomic mass unit unified atomic mass unit (u), dalton (Da), universal mass unit (u)
    º Atomic nucleus
    º Electron
    º Neutron
    º Proton
• Bennet, Abraham (1749-1799)
    º invented gold-leaf electroscope & improved the magnetometer
• Biot-Savart law
• Callan, Nicholas (1799-1864) invented the induction coil
• Capacitor (History)
• Cathode
• Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810)
• Compass (History)
• Contact electrification theory, replaced by electrochemical electron exchange
• Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de (1736-1806)
    º Coulomb's law 1783
• Corrosion
• Cottrell, Frederick Gardner (1877-1948)
    º invented the electrostatic precipitator
• Dielectric & Polarization
• Dipole
• du Fay, Charles Francois de Cisternay (1698-1739)
• Electric charge
    º Charge conservation
• Electric field
• Electric potential
• Electrical conductor
• Electric current
• Electrical impedance
• Electrical resistance
• Electrical telegraph
• Electrochemistry
• Electrode
• Electrolyte
• Electrometer
• Electron
• Electronegativity
• Electronic test equipment
    º Ammeter
    º Electrometer measures electric charge or potential differenc
    º EMF meter
    º Frequency counter
    º Ohmmeter
    º Oscilloscope
    º Test probe
    º Voltmeter
• Electrophorus
• Electroscope
• Electrostatic generator
• Electrostatic precipitator
• Electrostatic induction
• Elementary charge
• Faraday, Michael (1791-1867) electric field, lines of force
    º Faraday cage
    º Faraday's law of induction 1831
• Fleming, John Ambrose (1849-1945)
• Franklin, Benjamin single fluid electricity theory, principle of charge conservation, lightning is electrical, lightning rod
• Galvanometer
• Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
    º Gauss's law for magnetism
• Gilbert, William (1544-1603) invented the electroscope (first electrical measuring instrument)
    º De Magnete
• Gray, Stephen (scientist) (1666-1736) discovered that the “electric virtue” would carry over distance
• Ground (electricity) (History)
• Hauksbee, Francis (scientist) (1666-1713)
• Electrostatic generator, Electrostatic induction, Triboelectric effect
• Foucault, L%C3%A9on (1819-1868) discovered eddy (Foucault) currents
• Hauksbee, Francis (scientist) (1666-1713)
• Henry, Joseph (1797-1878)
• Incandescent light bulb (History)
• Inductance
• Induction coil or spark coil (History)
• Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749-1827)
• Leyden jar the original capacitor
• Lightning
    º Ball lightning
    º Lightning protection system
    º Lightning rod
• Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879) classical electromagnetic theory
    º File:On Physical Lines of Force.pdf
    º Maxwell's equations
• Morse, Samuel (1791-1872)
• Oersted, Hans Christian (1777-1851) electromagnetism discovery
• Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase (1785-1845)
    º Peltier effect, Thermoelectric effect
• Poisson, Simeon Denis (1781-1840)
• Polarization (see Dielectric)
    º Polarization density
• Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) conductivity of charcoal
    º The History and Present State of Electricity, 1767
• Proton
• Resistance thermometer (RTD)
• Ritchie, Edward Samuel (1814–1895) improved induction coil
• Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel (1803-1877)
    º commercialised the induction coil (Ruhmkorff coil)
• Seebeck, Thomas Johann (1770-1831) discovered the thermoelectric effect
• St. Elmo's fire
• Static electricity
• Superconductivity
• Tesla, Nikola (1856-1943)
    º List of Tesla patents
• Thermistor
• Thermocouple
• Thermoelectric effect
• Thermoelectricity
• Thermogenerator
• Thermopile
• Triboelectric effect & Series
• Triboluminescence
• Van de Graaff, Robert J. (1901-1967)
    º Van de Graaff generator 1929
• van Musschenbroek, Pieter independently invented the Leyden jar 1746
• Volta, Alessandro (1745-1827) developed the first electric cell, 1800
    º Volta's Law of capacitance
• von Kleist, Ewald Georg (1700-1748) independently invented the Leyden jar 1744
• von Guericke, Otto (1602-1686)
• William Watson (scientist) (1715-1787)
    º increased capacity of Leyden jar by coating inside and out with lead foil, electrical ether single fluid theory independent of Franklin
    º invented the first electrostatic generator & vacuum pump
• Wilcke, Johan (1732-1796) invented a first version of the electrophorus
• Wimshurst, James (1832-1903)
    º Wimshurst machine

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Anaxagoras As Meteorologist
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º William Gilbert and the Study of Magnetism
    º Mariotte and Von Guericke
    º Progress in Electricity from Gilbert and Von Guericke to Franklin
    º The Experiments of Stephen Gray
    º Experiments of Cisternay Dufay
    º Dufay Discovers Vitreous and Resinous Electricity
    º Ludolff's Experiment with the Electric Spark
    º The Leyden Jar Discovered
    º William Watson
    º Benjamin Franklin
    º Franklin's Theory of Electricity
    º Franklin Invents the Lightning-Rod
    º Franklin Proves That Lightning Is Electricity
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
    º The Modern Development of Electricity and Magnetism
    º Davy and Electric Light
    º Electricity and Magnetism
    º Faraday and Electro-Magnetic Induction
    º Storage Batteries
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Humphry Davy and Electro-Chemistry

Wright Center for Innovative Science Education, Tufts U: Classroom Activities and resources
• Benjamin Franklin and ElectrostaticsUse It! by Robert A. Morse
    º The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin: screen format, print format


^ SCIHIST
ELECTRON
also see.. Electricity, §ELECTRONICS§, Vacuum Tube

Wikipedia
    º Timeline of electromagnetism
• Atom
• Beta decay
• Cathode ray
• Cathode ray tube
• Conduction (heat)
• Electrical conduction
• Electrical conductor
• Electric charge
• Electricity
• Electrometer
• Electron
• Electron capture
• Electronegativity
• Electron microscope
• Electroscope
• Electrostatics
• Etymology of electricity
• Fermi gas
• Field electron emission
• Hydrogen
• Redox
• Scanning electron microscope
• Thermionic emission
• Thomson, J. J.
• Triboelectric effect & Series
• Vacuum
• Vacuum pump
• Vacuum tube


^ SCIHIST
ELECTRONICS
also see.. Electricity, Radio, Vacuum Tube

Wikipedia
    º History of the transistor
• Bipolar junction transistor
• Cat's-whisker detector
• Diode
• Field-effect transistor (FET) unipolar transistors
• Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar
• Semiconductor
• Transistor


^ SCIHIST
ENGINEERING
also see.. §ENGINEERING§, Technology, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering

BridgePros Engineering, History & Construction of Bridges
ExplorePAhistory.com/ Pennsylvania history Making Steel

Google.com Engineering & Technology Directory @ Society: History

Great Achievements in Mechanical Engineering
• from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME International)

History of Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology

Henry Darcy and His Law from Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State U
• Biographical
• Darcy Memorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics
• Exposition Henry Darcy
• Groundwater and Darcy's Law
• History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation
• Pipe flow and the Pitot Tube

History of Fluid Mechanics, Mathematics, and Science : Virginia Tech
Library of Congress
• Engineering in History bibliography

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• Centuries of Civil Engineering

NSF SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database

Thomas J. MisaUse It! History of Technology, LinksUse It! U Minnesota
• Bibliographies
    º Automobile Engineering
    º History Of Engineering
• Book Reviews
    º Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago by Carol Willis
    º The Papers of Thomas A. Edison volume I: The Making of an Inventor, February 1847-June 1873 Reese V. Jenkins, et al., eds.,
• Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present
• A Nation of Steel
• Urban Machinery: Inside Modern European Cities

Wikipedia (Engineers, Mathemeticians)
• Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832)
• Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (1789-1857)
• Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile (1799-1864)
• Clausius, Rudolf born Rudolf Gottlieb (1822-1888)

Wikipedia
• Category:History of engineering
• Category:History of technology
• Category:Technology timelines
• Caloric theory
• Galileo thermometer
• History of Conservation of energy
• History of materials science
• History of perpetual motion machines
• History of thermodynamics
• Phlogiston
• Timeline of electromagnetism
• Timeline of heat engine technology
• Timeline of thermodynamics
• Timeline of time measurement technology
• Timeline of steam power
• Women in engineering


^ SCIHIST
EVOLUTION
also see.. §BIOLOGY-Evolution§

Darwin, Charles Origin of the Species: Virginia Tech Online Books
Darwin-related Images
Donald Forsdyke's Commentaries on the History of Selected Evolutionary Concepts
Lefalophodon: An Informal History of Evolutionary Biology 1800 - 1950 by John Alroy

Origin of SpeciesUse It! by Charles Darwin: Book Downloads
    º British Library, Writings of Charles Darwin: HTML Editions - 1st (1859), 6th (1872)
    º Project Gutenberg: Plain text Editions - 1st (1859), 6th (1872)
    º U New South Wales, Embryology Download: ( PDF)

UC Berkeley Museum of PaleontologyUse It!
• Evolution Wing Theory and History, Timeline of Evolutionary Thought with Bios

Wikipedia: EvolutionUse It!
• Creationism
• Natural Selection
• Masters
    º Darwin, Charles
    º Fisher, R.A.'s Modern Synthesis
    º Kimura, Motoo's Neutral Theory Of Molecular Evolution & Genetic Drift
    º Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
    º Wallace, Alfred Russel
    º Crick, Francis & Watson, James's discovery of the structure of DNA
• Social Effect of Evolutionary Theory

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science [and Ancient Science], Vol. 1
    º The Beginnings of Greek Science
    º Empedocles
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Theories of Organic Evolution
    º Erasmus Darwin
    º Lamarck Versus Cuvier
    º Tentative Advances
    º Darwin and the Origin of Species
    º New Champions
    º The Origin of the Fittest


^ SCIHIST
FIELD, FIELD THEORY

Wikipedia
    º Category:Fundamental physics concepts
    º Category:History of physics
    º Category:Interaction
    º Category:Physics timelines
    º History of electromagnetism
    º Timeline of electromagnetism
    º Timeline of luminiferous aether
• Action at a distance (physics)
• Electric field
• Electromagnetic field
• Field (physics)
• Light
• Magnetic field
• Quantum field theory
• Scalar field theory


^ SCIHIST
FIND IT HERE
DIRECTORIES-History of Science
dmoz Open Directory | ECHO (Virt Lib) | Google | Wikipedia | Yahoo

300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Mathematics, Science Writings and Natural History

Alexander Chislenko: Home (public page)
• Great Thinkers and Visionaries, Links

Beginner's Guide to Research in History of Science: Horus Publications, Ronald C. Tobey, U California
Centre for History of Science and Technology: U Libre de Bruxelles

Dibner Institute for the History if Science and Technology at MIT

Dictionary of the History of IdeasUse It! Contents, Search
• from the Electronic Text Center, U Virginia Library
• Math & Logic formal mathematical, logical, linguistic & methodological ideas
• Nature physical & biological sciences, ideas, imaginative literature, myths, metaphysical

Directory of Historians of Physics Stephen G. Brush and Martha E. Keyes, U Maryland
Earth/Matrix Science in Ancient Artwork articles: Charles W Johnson

ECHO Science and Technology Virtual CenterUse It! from George Mason U

Encyclopaedia Britannica biography list
Eureka Science & Technology Database: Demonstration Access
Galilean-library.org: History and Philosophy of Science

Google.com
• Science @ Society: History
• Engineering & Technology @ Society: History

George Peter Jelliss
• ( temp ): History of Ideas

Group of History and Theory of Science: State U Campinas Brazil Index, Publications, Database
The History of Mathematics on the World Wide Web David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine: IMSS & Polytechnic U
History of science: U Bonn Links
History of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources by Doug Stewart, extensive
History of Science, Technology and Medicine Biographical Dictionary: WWW Virtual Library
Horus Guide to the History of Science Randomn Quotations and text search
Internet Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham U, Internet History Sourcebooks Project
• Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolution
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution

Intute.ac.ukUse It! best websites for study & research: Physical Sciences
• General sciences
    º History of science

Dr. James F. Woodward, Cal State Fullerton
• Gravitation Overview
    º The Origin of Inertia
• Killing time
• Mach's Principle
• (PDF) Propellantless propulsion, Joint propulsion conference 2001 abstract

Linda Hall Library: History of Science online Rare book library from Cultural Heritage Language Technologies

Net Advance of PhysicsUse It! review articles and tutorials in an encyclopædic format
• Annotated Physics Encyclopedia
• History of Physics

The New Scientist's on-line Planet Earth
Nobel e-Museum - Chemistry, Medicine, Physics
OnLine Books: Virginia Tech
PSIgate Physical Science Information Gateway
Reading the History of Western Science A List of Good Places To Start, by A. Bowdoin Van Riper
The Science Engineering & Math Program Links: U Delaware
Science History Sites: American Institute of Physics
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
Science Technology & Society: Dublin City University
Science Textbooks and Historical Science Online by Bill Palmer
SJSU Virtual Museum: San Jose State U History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology
SolarNavigator.net renewable energy technology, boat design & marine history

TodayInSci.com (ads) Today in Science History, find short bios & descriptions by date of birth, death or event

U Denver, Dr James B. Calvert, Links & Misc
• Astronomy and Observation
• Engineering and Technology
    º Railways: History, Signaling, Engineering
    º the Telegraph
    º Truss Bridge Design history and principles of rational truss bridge design
• Geology and Scenery
• Meteorology and Weather
• Oil, Economics and Statistics
• Optics and Visual Perception
• Physics, Mathematical Physics and Mathematics
• Waves, Acoustics and Vibration

Wikipedia
• Category:Ancient Greek science
• Category:Historical scientific instruments
• Category:History of Islamic science
• Category:History of science
• Category:History of science by discipline
• Category:Science experiments
• Category:History of scientific method
• Category:History of technology
• Category:Obsolete scientific theories
• Category:Religion and science
• Category:Roman science
• Category:Science in the Middle Ages
• Category:Science timelines
• Category:Scientific instrument makers
• Category:Scientific revolution
• History of biology
• History of chemistry
• History of electrochemistry
• History of electromagnetism
• History of energy
• History of genetics
• History of geophysics
• History of science, Portal:History of science
• History of science in Classical Antiquity
• History of science in the Renaissance
• History of science and technology
• History of scientific method, Timeline of the history of scientific method
• List of experiments
• Lists of scientists
• Natural philosophy
• Physics (Aristotle)
• Pre-Socratic philosophy
• Science in the Age of Enlightenment
• Science in Medieval Western Europe
• Science in the Middle Ages
• Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
• Scientific revolution
• Superseded scientific theories
• Women in science

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4

WWW Virtual Library, History of Science Technology and Medicine Australia


^ SCIHIST
FLIGHT / AVIATION
also see.. §Flight Museums§

A.J. Jackson Collection private aviation & photo archive, UK

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Evolution of Flight
• Click & Learn
• Gallery
• History of Flight active Timeline, Links

Aviation History Encyberpedia
Aviation History of Australia
Aviation: Pioneers/History WWW Library
Boeing History
Cyber Flight Deck Work in Progress...
FirstFlight Wright Brothers & Aerofoil History, UK
Helicopter's History Site
History of Aviation Links Canadian Coast Marketing
Igor I. Sikorsky Historical Archives Inc. Foundation, aviation careers of Igor Sikorsky
Luft '46 WWII German aircraft design
National Aviation Hall of Fame
Randy Wilson's Aviation History Page
Russian Aviation Museum

U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
• The Development of Naval Aviation

Wikipedia
• Timeline of hydrogen technologies

WWW.AVIATION.RU Russian aviation, first flights to modern

^ SCIHIST
FLUIDS

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
• Evangelista Torricelli

Wikipediai
• Boyle, Robert 1627-1691
• Hooke, Robert 1635-1703
• Pascal, Blaise 1623-1662
• Torricelli, Evangelista 1608-1647
• Vacuum: Historical interpretation
• Vacuum pump


^ SCIHIST
GENETICS
The Genetic Code Biochemistry 3107
Gregor Mendel's Legacy: LTU Biochem Home Page, La Trobe U
MendelWeb classical genetics, data analysis, plant science, science- history / literature

^ SCIHIST
FRANCE

Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (French) digital early texts

^ SCIHIST
FARADAY, MICHAEL (1791-1867)

Project Gutenberg
• Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall


^ SCIHIST
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)

Google Books
• Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment by Michael Brian Schiffer

Wikipedia
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Wikiquote
• Benjamin Franklin

Wright Center for Innovative Science Education, Tufts U: Classroom Activities and resources
• Benjamin Franklin and ElectrostaticsUse It! by Robert A. Morse
    º The Electrical Writings of Benjamin Franklin: screen format, print format


^ SCIHIST
GALILEI, GALILEO (1564-1642)

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems full online text
Galilean-library.org: History and Philosophy of Science

Galileo from McMurry U
• The Art of Renaissance Science

Galileo Galilei, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits, American Institute of Physics

The Galileo Project from Rice U: Science
• Galileo's Theory of the Tides
• On Motion
• Pendulum Clock
• Ptolemaic System & Copernican System
• Satellites of Jupiter
• The Telescope

Galileo's Inclined Plane Experiment from students of Rice U

Galileo Galilei's Notes on Motion

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Multimedia Catalogue: Biographies
• Galileo Galilei

Online Lilbrary of Liberty
• Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, Galileo Galilei (1638)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Galileo Galilei

Wikipedia: Galileo Galilei
• Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Ptolemaeen vs. heliocentric
• Letter to Grand Duchess Christina
• Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger)
• Two New Sciences, 1638 final book & testament covering his 30 yrs of work in physics


^ SCIHIST
GEOLOGY
also see.. §GEOLOGY§

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, User Guide
• Principles of Geology

Evolutionary and Geological Timelines

GeoClio history of geology & the geosciences, About, Forums
• books

Google Books
• Principles of geology Charles Lyle, 1892

Henry Darcy and His Law from Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State U
• Biographical
• Darcy Memorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics
• Exposition Henry Darcy
• Groundwater and Darcy's Law
• History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation
• Pipe flow and the Pitot Tube

Historical Earthquake Theories Erhard Oeser: Universität Wien

Linda Hall Library: Online Exhibitions
• Vulcan's Forge and Fingal's Cave Volcanoes, Basalt, and the Discovery of Geological Time

Wikipedia (people)
• Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
    º Principles of Geology 1830–33
• Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1749-1817) theory of Neptunism

Wikipedia: History of geology
    º Category:Geology timelines
    º Category:History of earth science
    º Category:History of paleontology
    º Timeline of geology
• Continental Drift
• History of geology
• History of paleontology
• Neptunism
• Plutonism


^ SCIHIST
HELIOCENTRISM
also see.. Ptolemaic System

Wikipedia
• Aristarchus of Samos, Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances
• Copernicus, Nicolaus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
• Galilei, Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
• Kepler, Johannes, Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, Keplerian Telescope
• Scientific revolution
• Solar system model
• Tycho Brahe


^ SCIHIST
HISPANIC SCIENTISTS

Wikipedia.org
• Luis Walter Alvarez
• Walter Alvarez
• Baruj Benacerraf
• Carlos Finlay
• Bernardo Houssay
• Luis Federico Leloir
• César Milstein
• Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol
• Severo Ochoa
• Ellen Ochoa
• Santiago Ramón y CajalUse It!
• Michael Servetus


^ SCIHIST
GLASS

Wikipedia
    º Category:Glass
    º Category:Glass applications
    º Category:History of glass
    º Category:Laboratory glassware
• Ancient glass trade
• Egyptian faience
• Fused quartz
• Glass
• History of glass
• History of technology


^ SCIHIST
GRAVITY

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler
• Overview and Lecture Index
• Galileo's Acceleration
• Naturally Accelerated Motion
• Describing Motion
• Using History to Teach Science

U Tennessee, Knoxville , Physics & Astronomy: Astronomy 161
• The Solar System
    º Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation


^ SCIHIST
HISTORIANS

Wikipedia
• Bronowski, Jacob (1908-1974) wrote televison documentary series, The Ascent of Man
• Joseph Needham (1900-1995) History of Chinese Science


^ SCIHIST
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution: Internet Modern History Sourcebook
The Industrial Revolution: American: IRWeb
Industrial Revolution - A Trip To The Past: detailed
Lectures on The Industrial Revolution in England Arnold Toynbee
Richard Guest: The Steam Loom: Modern History Sourcebook
Samuel Slater and the American industrial Revolution
Steam Engine Library
William Radcliffe Power Looms: Modern History Sourcebook

^ SCIHIST
INSTRUMENTS
including.. Astolabes, Microscope
ars machina.com Links, Sales) compasses & sundials, fine art, globes & maps, microscopes, telescopes

Cathode Ray Tube siteUse It! old electronic glassware history and Physical Instruments

Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
• Articles, Glossary
• Catalogue of instruments

The Gemmary Instruments Forum & rare books
History of Scientific Instruments Wolfgang R. Dick

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It!

Introduction to Optical Microscopy and PhotomicrographyUse It! Museum,   Molecular Expression: Florida State U

Kenyon College Physics Dept, Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It! by Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr. Professor Emeritus: Electricity
• Tangent Galvanometer

Scientific Instrument Commission Bibliography
Scientific and Medical Antiques by Thomas E. Jones

University of Toronto Museum of Scientific Instruments
Wikipedia
• Category:History of science
• Category:Measuring instruments
• Chorobates level in classical antiquity
• Clock
• Compass, Compass rose
• Quadrants: Cross bow, Cole's
• Dioptra classical astronomical & surveying instrument
• Galileo thermometer
• Groma surveying Roman instrument
• History of longitude
• History of navigation
• History of timekeeping devices
• Sextant (astronomical)
• Mass spectrometry
• Marine chronometer
• Mirror galvanometer
• Sounding line
• Spectrometer


^ SCIHIST or INSTRUMENTS
Astrolabes

U Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy
• Astrolabe History

Astrolabes Made by Norman Greene

^ SCIHIST or INSTRUMENTS


HISTORY OF MICROSCOPES
also see... §Microscopy§
^ SCIHIST
ISLAM
also see.. Alchemy, §Religions & Spirituality§

History of Science and Technology in Islam by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, Links
• Articles

MuslimHeritage.com
• Science
• TimeLine

Saudiaramcoworld.com: Rediscovering Arabic Science

Wikipedia
• Astronomy in medieval Islam
• Physics in medieval Islam
• Science in medieval Islam


^ SCIHIST
LOW TEMPERATURE

Wikipedia
    º History of superconductivity
    º Timeline of low-temperature technology
• Liquefaction of gases


^ SCIHIST
MASTERS OF SCIENCE, PEOPLE, SCIENTISTS

also see..
§MATHEMATICS§, §Geometry§, Physics

CHROLONOLOGICAL LIST of Sections Below
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
daVinci, Leornardo (1452-1519)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
Boyle, Robert (1627-1692)
Priestley, Joseph (1627-1692)
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
Hooke, Robert (1635-1703)
Newton, Isaac (1643-1727)
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
Black, Joseph (1728-1799)
Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)
Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814) Count Rumford
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)
Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Thomson, Joseph John (1856-1940)
Sommerfeld, Arnold (1868-1951)
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
Feynman, Richard (1918-1988)
Hawking, Stephen (1942-)


American Institute of Physics, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits
Caltech Archives: PhotoNet photographs (for personal, noncommercial use) with Search

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Multimedia Catalogue: Biographies

MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Wikipedia
• History of physics (category)
• History of Science
• History of scientific method


ARCHIMEDES (287-212 BC)

Archimedes Home Page by Chris Rorres, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, Drexel U

PBS.org, Nova
• Archimedes


ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, U Tennessee, Martin
• Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Motion and its Place in Nature

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
• On the Heavens, Translated by J. L. Stocks
• Physics, Translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye

PhysicsWeb.org
• Was Aristotle the first physicist? by Michael Rowan Robinson

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aristotle

Wikipedia: Aristotle
• On the Heavens
• Physics (Aristotle)


BACON, FRANCIS (1561-1626)

Constitution Society
• The New Organon (online) or True Directions Concerning the Interpretation of Nature

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Project Gutenberg online publications: Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626

Sir Francis Bacon's New Advancement of Learning
• Library

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Francis Bacon

Wikipedia: Francis Bacon (philosopher)
• Novum Organum new system of logic superior to Aristotelian syllogism


BLACK, JOSEPH (1728-1799)
Wikipedia: Joseph Black (1728-1799)


Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Boltzmann's Work in Statistical Physics

Wikipedia
• Boltzmann equation Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)
• Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution


BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1692)
Robert Boyle Project
• Learn about Boyle
• Papers Online

Wikipedia: Robert Boyle

BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)
Wikipediai: Tycho Brahe

CARNOT, SADI (1796-1832)

Wikipedia: Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
• Carnot heat engine


COPERNICUS, NICOLAUS (1473-1543)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nicolaus Copernicus

Wikipedia: Nicolaus Copernicus

DARWIN, CHARLES (1809-1882)
also see.. §Evolution§

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, User Guide
• The Descent of Man: Vol 1, Vol 2

Project Gutenberg: Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882
• The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
• The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
• The Foundations of the Origin of Species
• Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Vol 1, Vol 2
• On the Origin of Species 1859, 1st Ed
• On the Origin of Species, Audio Books: Computer Generated, Human Read

Wikipedia: Charles Darwin
• The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
• On the Origin of Species 1859


DESCARTES, RENÉ (1596-1650)

eBooks@Adelaide online texts, U Adelaide
• Descartes, René, 1596-1650

Project Gutenberg online publications: Descartes, René, 1596-1650

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Rene Descartes

Wikipedia: René Descartes
• Treatise on the World


EDISON, THOMAS ALVA (1847-1931)

The Thomas Edison Papers, Rutgers U
Wikipedia: Thomas Edison

EINSTEIN, ALBERT (1879-1955)
Archive.org, Audio: Search Einstein

Einstein, Albert photographs for personal, noncommercial use, Caltech Archives: PhotoNet
Einstein, Albert, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Einstein - Image and Impact, The Human Face of Science: Mini-Exhibits, American Institute of Physics
Einstein in Princeton Scientist, Humanitarian, Cultural Icon, Historical Society of Princeton
Einstein Revealed (from PBS.org, Nova), Links
NobelPrize.org/: Albert Einstein Biography
Wikipedia: Albert Einstein
Wikiquote: Albert Einstein

FEYNMAN, RICHARD (1918-1988)
Archive.org Search: Richard Feynman
• The Feynman Letters Michelle Feynman (daughter of Richard Feynman) book & interview
• The Life of Richard Feynman Groks Science Show

FeynmanLectures.info

Project TuvaUse It! from Microsoft.com: Richard Feynman Lectures

Wikipedia
• Richard Feynman (1918-1988)

Wikiquote: Richard Feynman

HAWKING, STEPHEN (1942-)
Answers.com: Stephen William Hawking
Hawking, Stephen's home page
• A Brief History of Mine Biography

The Hawking of Stephen Hawking: Celebrity, Cosmology, Disability by Jonathan Smith, U Michigan
U Totonto, UPSCALE Undergraduate Physics Students' Computing and Learning Environment
• The Science of Hawking

Wikipedia: Stephen Hawking

HOOKE, ROBERT (1635-1703)

RobertHooke.org.uk

HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (1629-1695)

HuygensWeb

Wikipedia
• Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)


KEPLER, JOHANNES (1571–1630)

Skyscript Astrology Pages: Deborah Houlding's
• Johannes Kepler and the Music of the Spheres by David Plant

Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler
• Laws of Planetary Motion

MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Archive.org (pdf's) Maxwell's written works
• An Elementary Treatise on Electricity, 1881
• Matter and Motion 1920
• Scientific Papers 1890, Vol. 1
• On the Stability of the Motion of Saturn's Rings... 1859
• A Treatise on Electricity Magnetism, 1873: Vol. 1, Vol. 2

Archive.org (choice of formats)
• An elementary treatise on electricity (1881)
• Five of Maxwell's Papers
• Matter and motion
• Scientific papers
• The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Volume 1)
• On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings ..
• Theory of heat
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volumes 1, 2

Carnegie Mellon, Posner Library Memorial Collection
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism by James Clerk Maxwell, Volumes 1, 2 read single pages online

Google Books (public domain) by James Clerk Maxwell
• An Elementary Treatise on Electricity, 1888
• Matter and Motion, 1882
• On the Stability of the Motion of Saturn's Rings, 1859
• Theory of heat, 1871
• Theory of Heat, 1904
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volume 1, 1884
• A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volume 1, 1904

Google Books (public domain) about James Clerk Maxwell
• James Clerk Maxwell and modern physics Sir Richard Glazebrook, 1896
• The life of James Clerk Maxwell: With a selection from his correspondence ... Lewis Campbell, William Garnett, 1882 or 1882
• Pioneers of electricity; or, Short lives of the great electricians John Munro, 1890

Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles (Cut-the-Knot.org)
• Maxwell's Theorem: What Is It? A Mathematical Droodle

Project Gutenberg: Maxwell, James Clerk, 1831-1879
• Five of Maxwell's Papers
• On a Dynamical Top for exhibiting the phenomena of the motion of a system...

Wikipedia: James Clerk Maxwell
• Maxwell's demon
• File:On Physical Lines of Force.pdf
• Maxwell's equations
• Maxwell's demon


LAVOISIER, ANTOINE (1743-1794)
BBC Radio
• Oxygen Melvyn Bragg discusses the discovery of Oxygen by Priestley and Lavoisier: Show

Google Books
• Search Author (English): Antoine Lavoisier
    º Elements of Chemistry Antoine Lavoisier (tr. R. Kerr) 1802
    º Essays on the effects produced by various processes on atmospheric air Antoine Lavoisier, 1783

Wikipedia
• Antoine Lavoisier


NEWTON, ISAAC (1643-1727)
BBC: Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences: Isaac Newton's Life
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (online) by Sir Isaac Newton
• translated by Andrew Motte, First American Edition, New York, 1846
Michael Fowler, U Virginia, Physics Dept
• Galileo and Einstein course: 2 revolutions in perceptions of the Universe
• Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Isaac Newton

Wikipedia: Isaac Newton
• Law of Universal Gravitation
• Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Wolfram.com/, Science World
• Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)




PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1627-1692)
A Brief Biography of Joseph Priestley, Unitiarian Universalist Congregation of the Susquehanna Valley (UUCSV)

Google Books
• The history and present state of electricity: with original experiments, 1769 by Joseph Priestley

Project Gutenberg
• Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air by Joseph Priestley, 2nd edition corrected

Wikipedia
• Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)
    º The History and Present State of Electricity

Wikiquote: Joseph Priestley
    º The History and Present State of Electricity (1767)


Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951)

American Philosophical Society
• Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm (1868-1951) biography

Wikipedia
• Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951)

Wikiquote
• Arnold Sommerfeld


Benjamin Thompson - Count Rumford (1753-1814)

Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) from Glen E. Rodgers, Allegheny College Dept Chemistry

Google Search
• Rumford Fireplace site:*.edu

Wikipedia: Benjamin Thompson
• Rumford fireplace


THOMSON, JOSEPH JOHN (1856-1940)

American Institute of Physics, Center for History of Physics
• Discovery of the Electron Experiments by J.J. Thomson in 1897

Cathode Ray Tube site electronic glassware history and Physical Instruments

Nobel-winners.com: Physics
• Sir Joseph John Thomson bio
Wikipedia: J. J. Thomson

da VINCI, LEONARDO (1452-1519)

Archive.org, Search: Leonardo da Vinci

SUNY College at Oneonta, Art History, Links
• The Art and Science of Leonardo da Vinci Excerpts from his Notebooks

BBC News: Da Vinci clue for heart surgeon

The British Library
• The Leonardo Notebook
• Leonardo's Codex Arundel

BulentAtalay.com physicist & author, Links
• Gallery architectural portraits
    º Personality Portrait Sketches: 1, 2
• Lectures from YouTube.com
• Math and the Mona Lisa book

Milan National Museum of Science and Technology: leonardo
• Leonardo, Milan and water
• Virtual Leonardo

Project Gutenberg: Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519
• The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci
• Thoughts on Art and Life

U Berkeley: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) as paleontologists & evolutionary biologist

UniversalLeonardo.orgUse It!

Web Museum: Leonardo da Vinci

Wikipedia
• Leonardo da Vinci

Wikiquote: Leonardo da Vinci

WikiSource, Author:Leonardo da Vinci
• The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci


^ SCIHIST

MATERIALS, MATERIALS SCIENCE
also see.. METALLURGY

Wikipedia
    º Category:History of chemistry
    º Category:Materials science
• History of materials science


^ SCIHIST
MATHEMATICS History
including.. Binomial Theorem
also see.. §MATHEMATICS§, §Geometry§

300BC to 19th Century Heritage: Mathematics, Science Writings and Natural History

The Abacus The Art of Calculating with Beads - articles, math operations, plus..
• FAQ
• Introduction - construction & anatomy, basics, abavcus today
• History
• Interactive Applet

Archimedes' quadrature of the parabola, Thomas L. Heath, from Bill Casselman, U British Columbia
The Art of Algebra from Al-Khwarizmi to Viète: A Study in the Natural Selection of Ideas, U Virginia
Artículos various historical topics: U Uruguay
Biographies of Women Mathematicians Agnes Scott College

Center for Technology and Teacher Education
• Mathematics and the History of Mathematics Websites

ChronoMath (in French) by timeline and by subject/mathematician

Convergence!Use It! ( Home ) where math, history and teaching interact, resource & Forum, About, Search
• from the Mathematical Association of America (MAA)

David Banach, Dept Philosophy, St. Anselm College
• Philosophy of Science Links
    º Ancient Science and Mathematics
    º Bell's Theorem and EPR
    º The Golden Section
    º Infinity and Continuity
• The Golden Age And The Golden Mean Article

Dictionary of the History of IdeasUse It! Contents, Search
• from the Electronic Text Center, U Virginia Library
• Math & Logic formal mathematical, logical, linguistic & methodological ideas

Duncan J. Melville, St. Lawrence U
• Mesopotamian Mathematics
    º Old Babylonian 'Quadratic' Problems
    º Reciprocals and Reciprocal Algorithms in Mesopotamian Mathematics

Euclid's ElementsUse It! an Introduction (& full text) by David E. Joyce, Clark U
• The Geometry Applet - using the Applet
• Links
• Quick Trip through the Elements
• Subject Index, Table of Contents

• Euclid's Elements translation by Thomas L. Heath and
• Euclid's Elements (Greek), J. L. Heiberg
both of the above from the Perseus Digital LibraryUse It!

Euclid's Elements of Geometry - Oliver Byrne's edition & Links, from Bill Casselman, U British Columbia

Euclid's Elements from U British Columbia SunSite, DIGITAL MATH ARCHIVE
• Oliver Byrne's edition of Euclid page by page scanned images
• Erhard Ratdolt - first publisher of Euclid


Favourite Mathematical Constants: Mathsoft.com

GAP - Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a System for Computational Discrete Algebra
• History Topics IndexUse It!

Gardner, Milo at BlogSpot.com
• Achmim Wooden Tablets, ( Table at mathorigins.com)
• Egyptian-math-history
• Egyptian Fractions, Hultsch-Bruins Method
• History of Egyptian Fractions
• Kahun Papyrus at Wikipedia.org
• Liber Abaci and its Egyptian fraction methods
• Milo Gardner at Wikipedia.org
• The Reisner Papyrus
• Remainder Arithmetic at Planet Math
• Remainder Arithmetic vs. Egyptian Fractions at Planet Math
• Vulgar fractions and the 2/nth table

Geometry Then and Now short look at Ancient Greek Math, Perseus Digital Library
Great scientists/mathematicians and my version of the future [very limited]
Greek Mathematicians: Portland State U

Hans Fischer Major Papers on History of Mathematics (pdf's)
• The Central Limit Theorem from Laplace to Cauchy: Changes in Stochastic Objectives and in Analytical Methods
• The Central Limit Theorem in the Twenties
• Laplace's Approximation of the Gamma Function, a Direct Approach

History of Game Theory by Paul Walker:   William King Server, Drexel U
History of Mathematics
History of Mathematics Lectures on the History of Mathematics, Texas A&M
History of Mathematics:   Math-Net Links

History of Mathematics, by Subject
• Euclid's Elements Introduction, Links
    º The Geometry Applet - using the Applet
    º Quick Trip through the Elements
    º Subject Index, Table of Contents
• History of Algebra Links

Historia Mathematica: journal of the International Commission on the History of Mathematics
The History of Mathematics: Trinity College, Ireland
History of Mathematics, by Mathematician, by Subject David E. Joyce: Clark U
History of Mathematics in India
The History of Mathematics on the World Wide Web Links: David R. Wilkins, Trinity College, Dublin
HyperComplex numbers Timeline

Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and PuzzlesUse It! Glossary - Links (Alexander Bogomolny

The Introduction of Analysis into England Trinity College, Ireland

Jeff Miller's
• Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
• Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics

MacTutor History of MathematicsUse It! O'Connor & Robertson, U St Andrews, Scotland
• Biographies & Chronologies, Historical Periods & Math Topics ( Topics: Alphabetical )
• Euclid's definitions
• The development of group theory
• Famous Curves Index
• Algebra Index
    º Abstract linear spaces
    º The abstract group concept
    º The development of group theory
    º The development of Ring Theory
    º The fundamental theorem of algebra
    º Quadratic, cubic and quartic equations
    º Matrices and determinants
    º Tartaglia versus Cardan
• An overview of the history of mathematics
• Mathematics and art - perspective
• Mathematicians and Music by R C Archibald, Brown U
• Non-Euclidean geometry
• Search, Google Search

Math Archives History of Mathematics Links, U Tennessee
Mathematical Museum: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin
The Mathematical Quotations Server Furman U
Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Trinity College, Dublin
Mathematicians of the African Diaspora African American mathematicians: U Buffalo
Mathematics Ancient Mathematics History & Its Modern Fates: Vatican Exhibit, ibiblio.org

Mathematics Genealogy Project degrees, dissertation & advisor(s) FAQ, Links, Search
• from North Dakota State U, Dept Mathematics
Math pages articles

MathPages.com
• History of mathematics & science

Michael Lahanas, Ancient GreeceUse It! Science, Technology, Arts
• Ancient Greece Mathematics Timeline
• Apollonius Conics and Circles and the Delian Problem
• The Golden Section and the Golden Rectangle
• The Menelaus Theorem
• Plato's Cave - The Enlightenment Process: Enter the Matrix

National Museum of American History
• Slates, Sliderules and Software, Teaching Math in America

PASS maths magazine
The sci.math FAQ Canada

Tod Hammond's Mathematics & the Liberal ArtsUse It!, Truman State U, Math & Computer Science Div
• Algebra
• Algorithms
• Arithmetic, Mental Arithmetic
• Discrete Mathematics
• Gambling, Games, Games of Chance
• Geometry
• Logic, Number Concept, Philosophy
• Mysticism, Gematria, Magic Squares, Numerology
• Number Systems, Imaginary and Complex, Irrationals, Real
• Number Theory
• Probability, Statistics

University of Modena e Reggio Emilia - MUSEO (Italian)
• Mathematical Laboratory (English) - Mathematical Machines

Vatican Exhibit from ibiblio.org
• Mathematics Ancient Science and Its Modern Fates
• Greek Mathematics ( cont.)
• Ptolemy's Geography
• Greek Astronomy

Vatican Exhibit Main Hall
from.. Information Technologies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
• Mathematics Ancient Science and Its Modern Fates:
• Greek Mathematicsand its Modern Heirs ( cont.)
• Ptolemy's Geography
• Greek Astronomy

Wikipedia: History of mathematics
    º Category:History of Mathematics
• Subcategory: Category:Mathematics timelines
    º Timeline of algorithms
    º Timeline of mathematics
• History of mathematics
• History of trigonometric functions
• Prosthaphaeresis

Women Mathematicians Agnes Scott College Mathematics Department
Yahoo Search: Science: Mathematics: History
Yahoo Search: Science: Mathematics: History: Mathematicians

MATH
Binomial Theorem (History of the)

History of the Binomial Theorem by Mark Comer, U Bath

^ SCIHIST
MEDIEVAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Medieval Science Page Portal
Medieval Technology PagesUse It! by Paul J. Gans, Dept Chemistry, NYU, Subject Index, TimeLine
Medieval Technology Pages, Subject Index from Paul J. Gans, New York U

^ SCIHIST
MEDICINE
also see.. Dentistry, §MEDICINE§

Ancient Medicine/Medicina Antiqua, Links by The Episcopal Academy
Historical Images Search: The National Library Of Medicine, NIH, Maryland
History of Biomedicine Library

History of the Health Sciences Section of the Medical Library Association: History of the Health Sciences Links
• Bibliographie/Chronologies/Histories
• History of Diseases
• Important Figures in Health Sciences Their Lives and Works
• Links Pages

History of Medicine
Insects & Human Society altered governments, changed major battles, shaped history

Introduction to VirologyUse It! Course BS109: Introduction to Microbiology,   U Leicester

Intute.ac.ukUse It! best websites for study & research
• MedHist history of medicine & allied sciences, Links to evaluated quality websites

Historians of Pharmacy Email Directory
Images from the History of Medicine: U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
Lycos search: folk medicine medieval
Lycos search: history of medicine

Medicine and Biology Ancient Theories, Modern Bodies: Vatican Exhibit Main Hall:
• from... Information Technologies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)

Medicine through Time: BBC learning

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine
• Dream Anatomy 1500 to the present, Site Map
    º Timeline

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine
• Images from the History of MedicineUse It!

National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Medical History Vols. 1 to 54; 1957 to 2010

Nobel e-Museum - Medicine
Science Museum UK: History of MedicineUse It!
• Themes & Topics
• Timeline

Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
History of Medicine University of Iowa and the NLM
Thackray Museum medical history museum

U Florida, Medical Information Server
• History of Medicine

U Leicester, Microbiology & Immunology
• Online Tutorials

Wikipedia
• Category:History of medicine
• Category:Medicine timelines
• Bloodletting
• Germ theory of disease
• History of anatomy
• History of aspirin
• History of emerging infectious diseases
• History of medical diagnosis
• History of medicine
• History of neurology
• History of pathology
• History of penicillin
• History of surgery
• History of wound care
• Medical Renaissance
• Patent medicine
• Placebo in history
• Prehistoric medicine
• Timeline of antibiotics
• Timeline of medicine and medical technology
• Vital heat
• Women in medicine

WorldOrtho.com, History of Orthopaedics by Vlasios Brakoulias

WorldwideSchool, Pure Science-HistoryUse It! History of Science by Henry Smith Williams
• Prehistoric Science, Vol. 1
    º Hippocrates and Greek Medicine
    º Galen--The Last Great Alexandrian
• The Beginnings of Modern Science Vol. 2
    º Arabian Medicine
    º Arabian Hospitals
    º Thirteenth-Century Medicine
    º Fifteenth-Century Medicine
    º From Paracelsus to Harvey
    º The Great Anatomists
    º The Coming of Harvey
    º Leeuwenhoek Discovers Bacteria
    º Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
    º Thomas Sydenham
• Modern Development of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 3
• Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 4
    º Anatomy and Physiology in the Nineteenth Century
    º Bichat and the Bodily Tissues
    º Lister and the Perfected Microscope
    º Blood Corpuscles, Muscles, and Glands
    º Eighteenth-Century Medicine
    º Animists, Vitalists, and Organicists
    º The System of Hahnemann
    º Jenner and Vaccination
    º Nineteenth-Century Medicine
    º Parasitic Diseases
    º Painless Surgery
    º Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease
    º Experiments with Grape Sugar
    º Foreign Organisms and the Wort of Beer
    º Lister and Antiseptic Surgery
    º Preventive Inoculation
    º Serum-Therapy
    º Functions of the Nerves
    º The Brain As the Organ of Mind
    º The Minute Structure of the Brain

WWW Virtual Library: History of Science, Technology & Medicine

^ SCIHIST
METALLURGY, MINING
also see.. MATERIALS, Steam Engine

Life Force at the Anvil, The Blacksmith's Art from Africa; with Asian-African historical notes
• from ArtMetal.com (the ArtMetal Village)
• Homes & Furnaces
• First Furnaces
• 500 B.C.
• Colonialization
• Recycled Art
• Earth's Blood
• Birth from earth, air, fire, water

Basic facts about stainless steel International Iron and Steel Institute
A History of Welding & A History of Brazing from A History of Thermal Joining by Mark Sapp
Early Iron in China, Korea, and Japan
The Earliest Use of Iron in China: Metals in Antiquity, smelting, cast iron as a Chinese invention
Wikipedia
    º Category:History of mining
• Agricola, Georgius (1494-1555) Georg Pawer
    º De re metallica
• Gold panning
• Hydraulic mining
• Metallurgy
• Mining
(History) • Placer mining
• Pliny the Elder
    º Natural History (Pliny) (Metallurgy)
• Quartz reef mining
• Reverse overshot water-wheel


^ SCIHIST
MULTIPLE DISCOVERIES
also see.. §BRAIN§, §Creativity§

Wikipedia
• List of multiple discoveries
• Collective consciousness
• Conformity
• Creativity
• Genius
• Great Man theory
• Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
• Historic recurrence
• Intelligence
    º Artificial intelligence
• Matthew effect
• Mind
• Multiple discovery
• Swarm intelligence
• Unconscious mind
• Universal mind


^ SCIHIST
MUSEUMS
History of Science: Museums, memorials, historical places and exhibits
History of Science Museum IMSS Multimedia Catalogue
History of Science Museum, Florence
History of Science: Museums
IMSS - History of Science Museum - Multimedia Catalogue
History of Science Museums, memorials, historical & exhibits

Linda Hall Library: History of Science Collection
• Online Exhibitions

Museum of Physics, U Naples, Italy, SiteMap
• Collections

SJSU Virtual Museum: San Jose State U History of Mathematics, Science, & Technology
Mathematical Museum, The History Wing: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin
Museum of the History of Science Oxford
The Museum of the History of Science (Hooke) U Oxford
The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester:
The National Museum of Science and Industry: UK
Oxfordshire Museums
University of Toronto Museum of Scientific Instruments

^ SCIHIST
MUSIC & RECORDED SOUND
also see.. §MUSIC (History)§

Camden, New Jersey, and the History of Recorded Sound
Tim Gracyk's Home Page articles about phonographs & old records

^ SCIHIST
NAVIGATION, MARITIME, NAUTICAL
also see.. §MARITIME & NAVIGATION§

Art of Age of Sail custom hand-building fine ship models & half-hulls
• Terminology from the Age of Sail with images

Lost at Sea - The Search for Longitude: PBS-NOVA, time as the basis of navigation

The Maritime History Virtual ArchivesUse It! by Lars Bruzelius ( Bruzelius.info )
• Images
• Maritime Etymology
• Maritime History
• Museums
• Naval History
• Rigging, Masting, and Sailmaking
• Shipbuilding and Naval Architecture
• Shipmodels
• Ships
• Societies

Naval Historical Center U.S. Department of the Navy
SolarNavigator.net renewable energy technology, boat design & marine history

Wikipedia
    º Category:Celestial navigation
    º Category:History of transportation
    º Category:Maritime history
    º Category:Navigation
    º Category:Navigational equipment
    º Category:Tides
• Age of Discovery
• Age of Sail
• Alidade
• Astrolabe
• Backstaff
• Celestial navigation
• Chip log
• Christopher Columbus
    º Voyages of Christopher Columbus
• Clock, Star clock
• Compass
• Concrete ship
    º Ferrocement
    º Lambot, Joseph-Louis
• Dead reckoning
• Dividers
• History of longitude
• History of navigation
• History of timekeeping devices
• Hourglass
• Intercept method
• Jacob's staff
• Kamal
• Latitude
• Longitude
    º Longitude by chronometer
• Magnetic declination
• Marine chronometer
• Mariner's astrolabe
• Maritime history
    º Ancient maritime history
    º Maritime history of Europe
    º Maritime history of Scotland
• The Nautical Almanac
• Nautical chart
• Navigation
    º History of navigation
• Navigational instrument
• Navigational stars
• Navigational transit
• Nocturnal (instrument)
• Octant (instrument)
• Parallel rulers
• Pelorus (instrument)
• Quadrant (instrument)
• Reflecting instrument
• Sextant
• Ship measurements
• Submarine
    º History of submarines
• Sundial
• Time
• Whaling
    º History of whaling


^ SCIHIST
NEWS & PUBLICATIONS
ISIS Journal of history of science, medicine, and technology, & cultural influences

^ SCIHIST
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Nobel Laureates in Physics 1901 - 1997

^ SCIHIST
NUCLEAR SCIENCE, ATOMIC ENERGY
The Atomic Archive history of nuclear power and the atomic bomb with biographies, timeline

^ SCIHIST
OPTICS
also see.. §ART§, Astronomy, §Optics§, §PHOTOGRAPHY§, Vision

BrightBytes.com
• The Magic Mirror of Life: An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
• D.A. Woodward, Photographic Educator and Inventor

Connexions
• Galileo's Telescope

Google Books
• Descartes and the Hyperbolic Quest Lens Making Machines and Their Significance in the 17th Century, D. Graham Burnett
• Renaissance vision from spectacles to telescopes by Vincent Ilardi

A History of Light and Lighting by Bill Williams

Kenyon College, Department of Physics: Instruments for Natural PhilosophyUse It!
• Optics

Mechanical Engineering Magazine
• Clear As Glass history of lens making and lathes

MuslimHeritage.com
• Taqi al-Din ibn Ma´ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision

Natural Magick The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta, i.e., Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)
• Book 17 Of Strange Glasses

Pbs.org
• 400 Years of the Telescope
    º Glass & Mirrors Toolkit

Scientus.org
• Telescope Timeline & Timeline of the Telescope

Spinoza's Ethics, A Polished Lens, About
• Spinoza's Foci

Wikipedia
    º Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
    º Timeline of microscope technology
    º Timeline of photography technology
    º Timeline of telescope technology
• Alhazen or Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039): Book of Optics
• Camera lucida ( see also Hockney-Falco thesis )
• Camera obscura
• Claude glass
• della Porta, Giambattista perfected the camera obscura
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• Glasses
    º History of eyeglasses
• History of optics
    º Lenses and Lensmaking
• History of photography, Daguerre, Louis, Nicéphore Niépce, Schulze, Johann Heinrich
• History of the telescope
• Hockney-Falco thesis
• Lens (optics): History
    º Nimrud lens (Assyrian palace of Nimrud, Iraq) 3000 year old rock crystal for magnification or burning
    º Visby lenses (Viking island of Gotland, Sweden) 11th or 12th century manufactured bi-aspheric lens-shaped rock crystal (quartz)
• Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van
• Liebig, Justus von (1803-1873) invented a process for silvering mirrors
• Light (also see speed of light)
• Magic lantern or Slide projector
• Optical microscope (History)
• Pinhole camera
• Speed of light
    º Ole Romer, Rømer's determination of the speed of light
• Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677)
• Steinheil, Carl August von (1801-1870)
    º invented photometers to measure brightness
• telescope, Newtonian
• Wollaston, William Hyde (1766-1828) inventor of the camera lucida


^ SCIHIST
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
also see.. §PHILOSOPHY - Philosophy of Science§

History of Philosophy of Science Working Group research group, Links, Forum Archives ( Search )

^ SCIHIST
PHOTOGRAPHS

Google Images
• Albert Einstein source:life

Life Magazine

^ SCIHIST
PHYSICS
also see.. Astronomy & Cosmology, Masters of Science, §PHYSICS§

Centuries of Astronomy Astronomy in Denmark Erling Poulsen by Erling Poulsen
• The history of a velocity

Albert Einstein Online
American Institute of Physics (AIP) Center for History of Physics bios, photos: American Institute of Physics
Center for History of Physics: American Institute of Physics
CERN Historical and Scientific Archives:   CERN Scientific Information Service
A Concise History of Thermodynamics overview from biography of J. Willard Gibbs: permission Yale U
Contributions of Physics to The Information Age by Ian Bindloss:   UCLA Dept Physics & Astronomy
The Discovery of Radioactivity: Diamond Bar High School Teachers' Home Page:
Electromagnetism Timeline
Forum on the History of Physics: The American Physical Society

Galileo and Einstein with Greek contributions, Newton, experiments, applets by Michael Fowler, U Virginia
• Two New Sciences, Selections from Two New Sciences

Galileo's invention of the pendulum clock IMSS Catalogue
The Galileo Project: Rice U

GAP - Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a System for Computational Discrete Algebra
• History Topics: Mathematical Physics IndexUse It!

History of Crystallography: British Crystallographic Association
The History of High-Energy Astrophysics: NASA HEASARC
History and Philosophy of Physics Links
History of Physics: Net Advance of Physics, Links
History of Physics Exhibits and Source Materials: American Institute of Physics
History of Physics Group: Institute of Physics
Invention of the Laser at Bell Laboratories: 1958-1998 with Arthur Schawlow & Charles Townes bios

Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Links
• Digital Archive
• Exhibits and Learning
• Galileo, Galilean Digital Library, Galileo Galilei's Notes on Motion, Galilaeana Journal of Galilean Studies
• Library and Archives
• Online Resources

Jose Wudka, U California, Riverside, Physics: Physics 7
• From Antiquity to Einstein

Laser History (1917-1996): Laser Starts

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, U St Andrews, Mathematical Physics Index:
• Orbits & Gravitation
• General & Special Relativity
• Quantum Age

MathPages.com
• History
• Physics
• Reflections on Relativity online book

Maxwell, J. Clerk MATTER and MOTION
Newtonia Sir Isaac Newton: newton.org.uk
Nobel e-Museum - Physics
The Particle Physics Adventure

PBS: NOVA
• Galileo's Battle for the Heavens

Physics 7: Relativity and Cosmology development
Physics 2000 ( Applets) interactive journey through modern physics: U Colorado, Boulder
Physics and Astronomy People and Discoveries biographies & narratives

Physics History Finding Aids:
•from.. Int'l Catalog of Sources search (ICOS), Niels Bohr Library Resources - Search the Catalogs

Physics Museum: U Queensland, Au
Physics Time-Line: weburbia.demon.co.uk
Physics Time-Line: weburbia.com
PhysicsWeb Reference/History
PhysLink.com Physics and Astronomy Education - History Links, Education, Ask the Experts
Resources of the Niels Bohr Library history of physics & allied fields
THE RICE SCHOOL WebNaissance Pages Middle School Lessons based upon the life of Galileo
Statistical Mechanics Timeline: U Colorado

Wikipedia
    º Category:History of physics
    º Category:History of science by discipline
• Aristotelian physics
• Avicenna (Physics)
• Bernoulli, Daniel
• Boltzmann, Ludwig
• Boyle, Robert
• Carnot, Sadi
• Clausius, Rudolf
• Conservation of energy (History)
• Descartes, Rene, The World
• Einstein, Albert
• Galilei, Galileo
• Gibbs, Willard
• History of thermodynamics
• Hooke, Robert
• Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
    º Huygens-Fresnel principle wave theory of light
• Kepler, Johannes
• Leibniz, Gottfried (Physics)
• Maxwell, James Clerk
• Momentum (History of the concept)
• Newton, Isaac, Newton's laws of motion, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
• Schrodinger, Erwin
• Theory of impetus
• Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin)
• Waterston, John James
• Wave-particle duality

The X-ray Century Roentgen's papers and interviews, excerpts, diagrams, photos...

^ SCIHIST
PRINTING
Wikipedia
• History of printing
• Intaglio (printmaking)
• Letterpress printing
• Lithography
• Movable type
• Offset printing
• Printing press
• Relief print
• Wood engraving




^ SCIHIST
PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM, GEOCENTRISM, EARTH CENTERED UNIVERSE
also see.. Heliocentrism

Wikipedia
• Aristotle, Aristotelian physics, Physics (Aristotle)
• Celestial spheres, Celestial sphere, Firmament, Fixed stars
• Eudoxus of Cnidus
• Geocentric model
• Greek astronomy
• Ptolemy
• Quintessence (physics)
•
• Solar system model
• Tycho Brahe, Tychonic system


^ SCIHIST
QUOTES
The Mathematical Quotations Server Furman U
A Short Dictionary of Scientific Quotations alphabetically by person

^ SCIHIST
RADIO
also see.. Electromagnetism

Wikipedia
    º History of radio
• Audion tube
• Cat's-whisker detector
• Control grid
• De Forest, Lee (1873-1961) invented the Audion (Vacuum) tube amplifier
• Electromagnetism
• Hertz, Heinrich
• Hughes, David E. (1831-1900))
• Invention of radio
• Institute of Radio Engineers
• Marconi, Guglielmo
• Maxwell, James Clerk
• Modulation
• Tesla, Nikola (1856-1943)
• Triode
• Radio (History)
• Radio waves
• Wireless telegraphy


^ SCIHIST
RAILROADS

U Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library (DRL)
• Image Collections
    º Library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx


^ SCIHIST
RELATIVITY
also see.. §Relativity§

Albert Einstein and the Theory of RelativityUse It!

Galileo and Einstein, Lecture Notes by Michael Fowler, Use It! Overview and Lecture Index:
• Speed of Light
• Michelson-Morley Experiment
• Special Relativity: What Time is it?, Synchronizing Clocks
• Time Dilation: A Worked Example More Relativity: the Train and the Twins
• Adding Velocities: A Walk on the Train
• Conserving Momentum: the Relativistic Mass Increase
• Using History to Teach Science


^ SCIHIST
RELIGIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS
Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 exhibit of scientific works

^ SCIHIST
SHIPS
Ancient Greek Methods of Boating and Sailing Kenny McMahon & Nick Chadha

^ SCIHIST
RENAISSANCE
Archives of historical-scientific interest in Tuscany

The Art of Renaissance Science: McMurry University

Bacon, Francis: Virginia Tech OnLine Books
The Galileo Project: Rice U

Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence Galileo & Leonardo
• Digital Library

McMurry U
• Galileo
    º The Art of Renaissance ScienceMust See!

Natural Magick The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta, i.e., Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)
Renaissance Science: Malespina Great Books - Science Centre

^ SCIHIST
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Wikipedia: History of scientific method

^ SCIHIST
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Scientific Revolution Home Page
• from Professor Robert A. Hatch, U Florida, Dept History

Wikipedia
    º Category:History of science
    º Category:Philosophy of science
    º Category:Scientific revolution
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996)
    º The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
• Science in the Age of Enlightenment
• Science and Civilisation in China
• Scientific method (History)
• Scientific revolution


^ SCIHIST
SOLAR ENERGY

Wikipedia
    º Category:Solar energy
    º Timeline of solar cells
• Solar energy
• Solar power


^ SCIHIST
SPACE TRAVEL
History of Astronomy and Space Science Links
History of NASA
History of Space Exploration: PlanetScapes.com
NASA History Timeline
Space History: NASA

^ SCIHIST
SPECTROSCOPY
also see.. §CHEMISTRY§, §PHYSICS§

Electrons in Atoms: Table of Contents
• A Brief (Incomplete) History of Light and Spectra

History of Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic Timeline
Wikipedia
• Bunsen, Robert
• Gustav Kirchhoff
• Stokes, Sir George, 1st Baronet anticipated a portion of Kirchhoff's findings


^ SCIHIST
STEAM ENGINE
also see.. Thermodynamics, §Thermodynamics (ENGINEERING)§

BBC: History, British History in-depth Beam Engine & Beam Engine Animation James Watt's

Carl Lira, Michigan State U Engineering: Brief History of the Steam EngineUse It! with demonstration videos
• Newcomen Atmospheric Engine Description
• The Savery Pump
• Vacuum Demonstrations
• Watt Atmospheric Engine Description
• Watt's Famous Experiment of the Separate Condenser

HollowellSteam.com: Watt Animation Steam Engine

U Rochester, History Resources: Steam Engine LibraryUse It!
• James Watt by Andrew Carnegie
• James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall
• The Miners Friend or an engine to raise water by fire, by Thomas Savery
• Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat (1825) by Sadi Carnot, as translated by Dr. Robert H. Thurston, 1890
• Reminiscences of James Watt
• The Steam Turbine by Sir Charles A. Parsons

Wikipedia
    º Category:Beam engines
    º Category:Industrial Revolution
    º Category:Stationary steam engines
    º Category:Steam engines
    º Category:Steam vehicles
    º Index of steam energy articles
    º Advanced steam technology
• Beam engine
• Boiler (steam generator)
• Boulton, Matthew
• Heat engine
• Hero of Alexandria
    º Aeolipile (Hero engine)
• History of the steam engine
• History of thermodynamics
• Murdoch, William (1754-1839) steam carriage
• Newcomen, Thomas
    º Newcomen steam engine
• Parsons, Charles Algernon (steam turbine inventor)
• Pumpjack
• Reciprocating motion
    º Reciprocating engine
• Savery, Thomas
• Solar thermal energy
• Stationary steam engine
• Steam
• Steam accumulator
• Steam Driven Machines/Devices
    º Autoclave
    º Marine steam engine
    º Pressure cooking
    º Stationary steam engine
    º Steam aircraft
    º Steamboat
    º Steam car
    º Steam digester steam-release valve developed for Papin's digester to prevent explosions, inspired the piston-cylinder steam engine
    º Steam engine
• Steam explosion
    º Steam generator (nuclear power)
    º Steam locomotive
    º Fireless locomotive
    º Steam cannon
    º Steam rocket
    º Steamroller
    º Steam tank
    º Steam tractor
    º Steam tricycle
    º Steam turbine
    º Traction engine
• Torricelli, Evangelista first vacuum
• Richard Trevithick
    º high pressure steam engine (strong steam) & railway steam locomotive
• Vacuum created from steam condensation utilized atmospheric pressure to drive early steam engines
    º Horror vacui (physics)
• Watt, James
    º Watt steam engine (with Boulton)


^ SCIHIST
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
also see.. Engineering

Fracture: MSE 2094 Class Project Contents ( Without Frames )
• History and Brief Introduction of Fracture

Wikipedia (persons)
• Griffith, Alan Arnold stress & fracture in metals: metal fatigue
• Irwin, George Rankine fracture mechanics & strength of materials
• Noll, Walter

Wikipedia
• Category:History of engineering
• History of engineering
• History of structural engineeringUse It!
• Concrete-History


^ SCIHIST
TECHNOLOGY
also see.. Engineering, §ENGINEERING-Invention§

Basic facts about stainless steel International Iron and Steel Institute
Brief History of Technology Regent U
Brief History of Technology in Japan: ICT, Inc. Prehistory, Jamo-Yayoi Periods

The Engines of Our IngenuityUse It! About, Contents, Search
• Public Radio show streaming audio &transcripts for every episode 1988
• Transcripts

Eureka Science & Technology Database: Demonstration Access
History of Television by Jean-Jacques Peters (EBU)
A History of Welding, of Brazing and of Thermal Joining by Mark Sapp
How a Vacuum Tube Works from Svetlana.com

IEEE Global History Network (GHN) from the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), About, Advanced Search
• Innovations Map
• Milestones Program
• Topics

Internet Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham U, Internet History Sourcebooks Project
• Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolution
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution

Inventing Modern America: From the Microwave to the Mouse, profiles of 35 inventors
The Invention Dimension American Inventors
Invent Now National Inventors Hall of Fame, Links
Lewis-Clark Antique Power Club antique engines
Links Related to the History of Technology: The Society for the History of Technology
The Origins of Agriculture article by Tom Higham
Remote Sensing in History obtaining information without direct physical contact
Short History Of Machine Tools

Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions, About, Museum Directory
• History of Science and Technology at Smith College

Society for the History of Technology
Science, Technology & Medicine Archives in the DC-MD-VA Area Stephen G. Brush, U Maryland
Science Technology & Society: Dublin City University
Technology History Links
tvhist1.htm

UniData Earth-system education & research, About, Forums, Search ( Glimpse, Ultra Seek ) SiteMap
• About Temperature

U Rochester, History Resources
• Steam Engine LibraryUse It!
    º The Abortion of the Young Steam Engineer'S Guide by Oliver Evans, 1805
    º The Miners Friend, or an Engine to Raise Water by Fire Thomas Savery, 1702
    º Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power Sadi Carnot, 1824 (1890 translation)
    º Reminiscences of James Watt, 1859
    º Robert Fulton Engineer and Artist, 1913
    º James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall, 1925
    º The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, 1851 translation

Waterwheelfactory.com fabrication & restoration
• history - Breast Wheel, Fourneyron, Overshot Wheel, Ossberger Turbine, Poncelet
• Reference

Wikipedia
• Category:Glass history
• Category:History of technology
• Category:History of transportation
• Category:Industrial history
• Category:Industrial Revolution
• Category:Technology timelines
• Efficiency Movement
• History of the bicycle
• History of materials science
• History of paper
• History of the steam engine
• Industrial history
• Timeline of agriculture and food technology
• Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
• Timeline of electromagnetism
• Timeline of heat engine technology
• Timeline of historic inventions
• Timeline of time measurement technology
• Timeline of motor and engine technology
• Timeline of steam power
• Timeline of the telephone
• Toy industry


^ SCIHIST
THERMODYNAMICS
also see.. Chemistry, Engineering, §Fireplace (ARCHITECTURE)§, Steam Engine, §Thermodynamics (ENGINEERING)§

Annenberg Media Learner.org
• Learning Science Through Inquiry
• Mathematics and Science for All
• The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond
    º 45. Temperature and Gas Laws behavior of gases, connection between temperature & heat
    º 46. Engine of Nature Carnot engine (i), beginning with simple steam engines
    º 47. Entropy The Carnot engine (ii), matter & flow of time
• A Private Universe why even Ivy League graduates don't really grasp basic science concepts

A Brief History of Temperature Measurement timeline

Carlos Rodriguez, U at Albany, State U of New York
• Sketching the History of Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Count Rumford's Homepage, Links
• Nature and Physics of Heat
• References

Elisabeth Moyer, U Chicago Dept Geophysical Sciences
• GEOS 24705/ENST 24705: Science, Technology, and Human Usage of Energy
    º Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power Sadi Carnot, 1825 (excerpts)
    º The Refrigerator and the UniverseUse It! Understanding the Laws of Energy, Martin Goldstein & Inge F. Goldstein
    º Sadi Carnot, 'Founder of the Second Law of Thermodynamics' Herman Erlichson

Google Search
• history of thermodynamic laws site:*.edu

U Oregon, Russell J. Donnelly, Professor of Physics
• Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold PBS series

Wikipedia (scientists & technologists)
• Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)
    º Avogadro constant (Avogadro's number)
    º Avogadro's law
• J. J. Becher (1635-1682) phlogiston theory of combustion
• Black, Joseph (1728-1799) discovered latent heat, specific heat, carbon dioxide
• Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906) Kinetic Theory
    º Boltzmann constant
• Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)
    º Boyle's law
    º The Sceptical Chymist
• Carnot, Lazare (1753-1823)
    º father of Sadi, foreshadowed the principle of energy as applied to a falling weight
• Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832)
    º all heat input to his conceived perfect theoretical frictionless heat engine cannot be converted to work, 2nd law precursor
• Celsius, Anders (1701-1744)
    º Celsius temperature scale
• Charles, Jacques (1746-1823)
    º Charles's law
• Clapeyron, Benoit Paul Emile (1799-1864)
    º early 1850's: originated entropy, replaced caloric and developed Carnot's principle & reversible engine processes, 2nd law
• Clausius, Rudolf (1822-1888) born Rudolf Gottlieb
    º conceived the thermodynamic system
    º Clausius-Clapeyron relation characterizing a discontinuous phase transition
• Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)
    º father of analytical geometry, vortex fluid universe
• Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
    º Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics
    º Einstein relation (kinetic theory) explained Brownian motion
• Evans, Oliver (1755-1819)
    º 1805 design (not built) vapor compression refrigerator
• Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel (1686-1736)
    º high precision thermometer manufacturer, replaced alcohol with mercury, early form of Fahrenheit scale
• Fourier, Joseph (1768-1830) heat transfer, law of heat conduction (Fourier's law)
• Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850)
    º Gay-Lussac's law
• Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903) theoretical foundations for chemical thermodynamics & physical chemistry
    º first to apply the 2nd law to the relation between chemical, electrical, thermal energy & work, invented vector analysis
• Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821-1894)
• Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889)
    º mechanical equivalent of heat independent of of Julius Robert von Mayer
• Kelvin, Lord (see Thompson, William)
• Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794) combustion & respiration theory, conservation of mass, stoichiometry
• Leibniz, Gottfried (1646-1716)
    º proposed the theory of Vis Viva, an obsolete limited principle of conservation of a precursor to kinetic energy
• Lussac, Joseph Louis Gay- (see Gay-Lussac)
• Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
    º Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
    º Maxwell relations
• Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878)
    º conservation of energy, mechanical equivalent of heat, oxidation as an energy source for life
• Ole Romer (1644-1710) 1st to measure speed of light
    º Romer scale temperature
• Papin, Denis invented steam digester, forerunner of steam engine & pressure cooker
• Jacob Perkins (1766-1849)
    º first vapor-compression refrigeration cycle patent, 1834
• Prevost, Pierre (1751-1839) law of exchange in radiation
• Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872)
    º theory of heat engines, 1849 saturated vapour pressure & temperature relationship, latent heat of evaporation expressions
    º Romer scale temperature
• Seebeck, Thomas Johann (1770-1831) discovered the thermoelectric effect
• Stahl, Georg Ernst (1659-1734) phlogiston theory
• Thompson, Benjamin Count Rumford(1753-1814)
    º mechanical equivalent of heat, measured specific heats of solids, improved chimneys & fireplaces, invented double boiler & coffee percolator
    º Rumford fireplace
• Thomson, William, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824-1907)
    º “ it is impossible... to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of surrounding objects”
    º Kelvin scale of thermodynamic (absolute zero) temperature
• Watt, James (1736-1819)
    º developed steam engine & invented separate condensor, independent discovery of latent heat of vaporisation

Wikipedia
    º Category:Heat pumps
    º Category:History of chemistry
    º Category:History of physics
    º Category:History of science by discipline
    º Category:History of technology
    º Category:History of thermodynamics
    º Category:Internal combustion piston engines
    º Category:Hot air engines
    º Category:Technology timelines
    º Category:Thermodynamic cycles
    º Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
    º Timeline of thermodynamics
    º History of Conservation of energy
    º History of chemistry
    º History of entropy
    º History of heat
    º History of molecular theory
    º History of perpetual motion machines
    º History of technology
    º History of thermodynamics
    º Timeline of heat engine technology
    º Timeline of low-temperature technology
    º Timeline of steam power
• Caloric theory obsolete explanation for heat transfer as weightless fluid caloric gas flowing from hotter to colder bodies
• Conservation of energy (History)
• Energy (History)
    º Vis viva
• Galileo thermometer
• Heat
• Heat engine
    º Carnot cycle
    º Carnot heat engine
    º Diesel engine
    º Four-stroke engine
    º Internal combustion engine
    º Steam engine, Condenser (heat transfer), Firebox (steam engine)
    º Steam turbine
    º Stirling engine
    º Two-stroke engine
• Mechanical equivalent of heat (History)
• Momentum (History)
• Perpetual motion (Invention Hisotory)
• Phlogiston theory obsolete explanation for oxidation as a weightless fire-like element released during combustion & rusting
• Pneumatic chemistry
• Power (physics) (also see Work)
    º Motive power
• Resistance thermometer (RTD)
• Scientific revolution
• Thermistor
• Thermocouple
• Thermodynamic system (History of the term)
• Thermoelectric effect
• Thermoelectricity
• Thermogenerator
• Thermometer (History)
    º Galileo thermometer (Thermoscope)
• Thermopile
• Vacuum created from steam condensation used atmospheric pressure to drive early steam engines
    º Horror vacui (physics)
• Work (physics) (also see Power)
• Work (thermodynamics)


^ SCIHIST
TIMELINES/CHRONOLOGIES
also see.. §HISTORY§ & §US HISTORY§, §MAPS§, §Reference/Dictionaries§

DIRECTORIES-Timelines
dmoz.org Open Directory | Google.com | Yahoo.com

BrainBank from Cool Fire Technology
• Important Dates in the History of Religion

Events In Science, Mathematics, and Technology, William Nielsen Brandt

HyperHistory.com, HyperHistory OnlineUse It!

Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemsoc: ChemSoc TimelineUse It!

Timelines of History by Algis Ratnikas

biology)
Chronology of Significant Historical Developments in the Biological Sciences: 1800 BC to 1993

brain & neuroscience)
Milestones in Neuroscience Research Timeline:   Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. - Neuroscience for Kids

Neuroscience Timeline:   Brains on the Web: Comparative Neuroanatomy and Intelligence
• Intelligence & Brain Size, Glossary of Terms, Links

chemistry)
Chemical Societies Network Chembytes Infozone Search, timelineUse It!

computers)
Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers

environment)
Sustainable Development Timeline

geology)
Geologic Time:   Paleontology at the U.S. Geological Survey, Glossary of Terms
Geological Time Scale, Andrew MacRae:   Dept Geology & Geophysics, U Calgary

Geologic Time ScaleUse It!   Dept of Geology & Geophysics, U Alaska, Fairbanks

Life Through Geologic Time:
• Earth History Resources, Glenn T. Seaborg Center for teaching & learning science & math, N. Michigan U

Museum of Paleontology, U California, Berkeley - Introductions to...
• Hadean 3.8 to 4.5 billion years
• Archaean 2.5 to 3.8 billion years
• Proterozoic Era 544 million to 2.5 billion years
• Paleozoic Era 245 to 544 million years
• Mesozoic Era 65 to 245 million years
• the Cenozoic 65 Million Years to the Present

The Age of Reptiles Mural at the Yale Peabody Museum:   Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale U -
• Enter the Actors in a Riot of Life: the Carboniferous & Devonian
• Remaking the World: the Permian
• Dawn of The Age of Dinosaurs: the Triassic
• High Noon of the Dinosaurs: The Jurassic
• The Final Chapter: The Cretaecous

UCMP Web Time Machine:   Museum of Paleontology, U California, Berkeley
Evolutionary and Geological Timelines

math)
HyperComplex numbers Timeline
Statistical Mechanics Timeline: U Colorado

physics)
Physics Time-Line
Electromagnetism Timeline

science)
Niel's Science Timelines

universe)
Timeline of the Universe NASA

vision)
Important Dates in Vision Science Vision Research UC Irvine

^ SCIHIST
VACUUM TUBE
also see.. Electricity, Electron, Electronics, Glass, §Spectroscopy§

Mike's Electric Stuff photographs
• Assorted electric glassware
• Big Valves
• Geissler Tubes
• Lamps & bulbs
• Loewe 3NF Multi-valve the first integrated circuit
• Miniature valves
• Neon lamps
• Photoelectric Cells
• Spark gap and triggered gap tubes
• Vintage Valves

Wikipedia
    º Category:Gas discharge lamps
    º Category:Electrical breakdown
• Anode
• Audion tube
• Cathode
    º Cold cathode
    º Hot cathode
• Cathode ray tube
• Conduction band & Valence band
• Control grid
• Crookes, William (1832-1919)
    º Crookes tube
• De Forest, Lee (1873-1961) invented the Audion (Vacuum) tube amplifier
• Diode
• Electric arc
• Electric glow discharge
• Electrostatic discharge
• Field electron emission
• Fleming, John Ambrose (1849-1945)
• Fluorescent lamp (History)
    º Fluorescence
• Gas-discharge lamp
• Gas-filled tube
• Heinrich Geissler
    º Geissler tube
• Hauksbee, Francis (scientist) (1666–1713) first observed gas discharge
• Hot filament ionization gauge
• Mercury-vapor lamp
• Neon lamp
• Petrov, Vasily Vladimirovich (1761-1834)
    º discovered electric arc effect 1802
• Phosphor
• Plate electrode
• Thermionic emission
• Triode
• Vacuum
• Vacuum pump
    º Sprengel pump
• Vacuum tube (electron tube, diode, thermionic valve)


^ SCIHIST
VIDEO


Annenberg Media Learner.org, Teacher Resources
• The Mechanical Univers and BeyondUse It!


^ SCIHIST
VISION
also see.. Optics

How We See: The First Steps of Human VisionUse It! with history: AccessExcellence.org

Important Dates in Vision Science Vision Research UC Irvine

^ SCIHIST
WATER
also see.. WATER POWER & PUMPS
Greek Waterworks: Portland State U

^ SCIHIST
WEATHER
NOAA History art, biographies, maps, poems, stories...: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin

^ SCIHIST
WATER POWER & PUMPS
also see.. §Hydroelelctric Power§, Water

Wikipedia
    º Category:Watermills
    º Category:Water turbines
• Fluid pressure
• Hydraulic head
• Hydroelectricity (History)
• Pelton wheel
• Vitruvius (75-15 BC)
    º De architectura
• Watermill
• Water wheel
• Water turbine (History)


^ SCIHIST
WIND POWER
also see.. §Wind Energy§, Maritime

Wikipedia
    º Category:Wind turbines
• History of wind power


^ SCIHIST
WOMEN
also see.. §ART§, §MUSIC§, §SCIENCE§, §SOCIETY§, §HISTORY§, §SCIENCE§, §US HISTORY§

4000 Years of Women in Science bios, references, photos: U Alabama

^ SCIHIST
UNITS & CONSTANTS

Brief history of the SI & Historical context of the SI base units:   Background on the SI
•from.. NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty


^ SCIHIST
WEB, INTERNET
also see.. Computer

DIRECTORIES-Internet History
dmoz.org Open Directory | Google.com | Yahoo.com

Davesite.com (ads!), History of the Internet chronology by Dave Kristula

History of the Internet, Internet for Historians (and just about everyone else), Richard T. Griffiths
• from U Leiden

Internet Archive & Wayback Machine, surf more than 10 billion web pages from the past
Internet Society, Internet Histories Links

^ SCIHIST
RuleBar

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